CISM Exam Dumps - Certified Information Security Manager

Labeling information according to its security classification enhances the likelihood of people handling information securely. Security classification is a process of categoriz-ing information based on its level of sensitivity and importance, and applying appropri-ate security controls based on the level of risk associated with that infor-mation1. Labeling is a process of marking the information with the appropriate classifi-cation level, such as public, internal, confidential, secret, or top secret2. The purpose of labeling is to inform the users of the information about its value and protection re-quirements, and to guide them on how to handle it securely. Labeling can help users to:

•Identify the information they are dealing with and its classification level

•Understand their roles and responsibilities regarding the information

•Follow the security policies and procedures for the information

•Avoid unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, or destruction of the information

•Report any security incidents or breaches involving the information

Labeling can also help organizations to:

•Track and monitor the information and its usage

•Enforce access controls and encryption for the information

•Audit and review the compliance with security standards and regulations for the infor-mation

•Educate and train employees and stakeholders on information security awareness and best practices

Therefore, labeling information according to its security classification enhances the likelihood of people handling information securely, as it increases their awareness and accountability, and supports the implementation of security measures. The other op-tions are not the primary benefits of labeling information according to its security clas-sification. Reducing the number and type of countermeasures required is not a benefit, but rather a consequence of applying security controls based on the classification lev-el. Reducing the need to identify baseline controls for each classification is not a bene-fit, but rather a prerequisite for labeling information according to its security classifica-tion. Affecting the consequences if information is handled insecurely is not a benefit, but rather a risk that needs to be managed by implementing appropriate security con-trols and incident response procedures. References: 1: Information Classification - Ad-visera 2: Information Classification in Information Security - GeeksforGeeks : Infor-mation Security Policy - NIST : Information Security Classification Framework - Queensland Government

The information security manager should first determine the risk related to noncompliance with the policy, as this will help to understand the impact and likelihood of the policy violation and the potential consequences for the organization. The information security manager can then use the risk assessment results to communicate the importance of the policy to the IT personnel, propose any necessary changes to the policy or the processes, or request an audit of the policy development process, depending on the situation. Conducting user awareness training, updating policies and procedures, or requesting an audit are possible actions that the information security manager can take after determining the risk, but they are not the first step. References = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, Chapter 2: Information Risk Management, Section: Risk Assessment, page 86; CISM Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Manual, 10th Edition, Question 59, page 60.

According to the CISM Review Manual, performing a risk assessment is the most important course of action for an information security manager during the due diligence phase of an acquisition, as it helps to identify and evaluate the potential threats, vulnerabilities and impacts that may affect the information assets of the target organization. A risk assessment also provides the basis for performing a gap analysis, reviewing the information security policies and awareness, and developing a remediation plan.

References = CISM Review Manual, 27th Edition, Chapter 3, Section 3.4.1, page 1411.

Secure transmission protocols are network protocols that ensure the integrity and security of data transmitted across network connections. The specific network security protocol used depends on the type of protected data and network connection. Each protocol defines the techniques and procedures required to protect the network data from unauthorized or malicious attempts to read or exfiltrate information1. One of the most common threats to network data is eavesdropping, which is the interception and analysis of network traffic by an unauthorized third party. Eavesdropping can compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network data, and can lead to data breaches, identity theft, fraud, espionage, and sabotage2. Therefore, secure transmission protocols protect transactions from eavesdropping by using encryption, authentication, and integrity mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access and modification of network data. Encryption is the process of transforming data into an unreadable format using a secret key, so that only authorized parties can decrypt and access the data. Authentication is the process of verifying the identity and legitimacy of the parties involved in a network communication, using methods such as passwords, certificates, tokens, or biometrics. Integrity is the process of ensuring that the data has not been altered or corrupted during transmission, using methods such as checksums, hashes, or digital signatures3. Some examples of secure transmission protocols are:

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), which are widely used protocols for securing web, email, and other application layer communications over the Internet. SSL and TLS use symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, and digital certificates to establish secure sessions between clients and servers, and to encrypt and authenticate the data exchanged.

Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), which is a protocol and algorithm suite that secures data transferred over public networks like the Internet. IPsec operates at the network layer and provides end-to-end security for IP packets. IPsec uses two main protocols: Authentication Header (AH), which provides data integrity and authentication, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which provides data confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. IPsec also uses two modes: transport mode, which protects the payload of IP packets, and tunnel mode, which protects the entire IP packet.

Secure Shell (SSH), which is a protocol that allows secure remote login and command execution over insecure networks. SSH uses encryption, authentication, and integrity to protect the data transmitted between a client and a server. SSH also supports port forwarding, which allows secure tunneling of other network services through SSH connections.

References = 1: 6 Network Security Protocols You Should Know | Cato Networks 2: Eavesdropping Attacks - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics 3: Network Security Protocols - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics : SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) - Definition : IPsec - Wikipedia : Secure Shell - Wikipedia

Security metrics are the best way to determine the maturity of an information security program because they are quantifiable indicators of the performance and effectiveness of the security controls and processes. Security metrics help to evaluate the current state of security, identify gaps and weaknesses, measure progress and improvement, and communicate the value and impact of security to stakeholders. Therefore, security metrics are the correct answer.

The most important element in achieving executive commitment to an information security governance program is to align the program with the identified business drivers of the organization. Business drivers are the factors that influence the strategic objectives, goals, and priorities of the organization. They reflect the needs and expectations of the stakeholders, customers, regulators, and other parties that are relevant to the organization’s mission and vision. By aligning the information security governance program with the business drivers, the executive can demonstrate the value and benefits of information security to the organization’s performance, reputation, and competitiveness. The other options are not the most important element, although they may be part of an information security governance program. A defined security framework is a set of standards, guidelines, and best practices that provide a structure and direction for implementing information security. A process improvement model is a methodology that helps to identify, analyze, and improve the processes related to information security. Established security strategies are the plans and actions that define how information security supports and enables the business objectives and goals. These elements are important for developing and executing an information security governance program, but they do not necessarily ensure executive commitment unless they are aligned with the business drivers