312-50v13 Exam Dumps - Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv13)

The correct answer is A, Static Network Address Translation. Static NAT creates a fixed one-to-one mapping between a public IP address and a specific private/internal IP address. This is the correct choice when an internal server must be reachable from outside the network using the same public address every time, which is commonly called server publishing or exposing a service through a firewall/router. CEH networking material explains that NAT is used at network borders and that basic NAT provides one-to-one mapping where each internal private IP maps to a unique public address; return traffic is translated back to the corresponding internal host. NAT also hides internal addressing while rerouting externally addressed packets to the proper internal system. Port Address Translation or NAT overload is different because many internal hosts share one public IP using ports/session IDs, so it does not guarantee one public IP always maps to one internal machine. Therefore, static NAT is the best answer.

The described action is classic web server footprinting through banner grabbing. In CEH reconnaissance methodology, banner grabbing is used to identify a target’s service details by eliciting and analyzing standard protocol responses. When Sofia sends a simple HTTP request such as GET / HTTP/1.0, the server often responds with HTTP headers that may include fields like Server and sometimes X-Powered-By, which can reveal the web server product and version, and occasionally information that hints at the underlying operating system or framework. This disclosure is valuable to attackers because it enables targeted exploitation: once the exact server and version are known, an attacker can correlate that information with known vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and exploit code.

This is not information gathering from robots.txt, which is a web file used to suggest crawler behavior and sometimes reveals hidden paths but does not inherently expose server software versions. It is also not directory brute forcing, which involves systematically guessing directories and files to find hidden endpoints. Vulnerability scanning is broader and typically involves automated checks to detect vulnerabilities; while banner information can be an input to scanning, the technique shown here is specifically identification through response headers.

CEH-aligned mitigation includes disabling or minimizing server signature information, removing unnecessary headers, keeping server software patched, and using secure configurations and reverse proxies to reduce information leakage during reconnaissance.

The correct answer is A because data exfiltration means the unauthorized extraction, transfer, or removal of data from a target system, network, database, cloud storage, or endpoint. In CEH system hacking and post-exploitation concepts, after an attacker gains access and possibly escalates privileges, the attacker may attempt to access protected resources and quietly extract sensitive data. The retrieved guide material describes exfiltration as a phase where an attacker with elevated or unrestricted access can access protected resources and “quietly extract data,” modify or delete sensitive files, or obtain configuration information. Therefore, the keyword that best matches data exfiltration is “extraction.” Option B, deletion, means removing data. Option C, encryption, means converting readable data into ciphertext, commonly seen in ransomware. Option D, corruption, means damaging or altering data so it becomes unreliable or unusable. These actions may occur during attacks, but they do not define exfiltration.

CEH explains that MAC flooding overwhelms a switch’s CAM table, causing it to fail open. When the table fills, the switch broadcasts frames out all ports, behaving like a hub. This exposes unicast traffic to attackers operating in promiscuous mode.

The correct answer is D. Code Execution.

The phishing email and attachment represent the initial delivery or point of entry. However, the question asks about the moment after the attachment is opened, when built-in scripting utilities inject malicious instructions into a legitimate running process. At that stage, the attacker’s code is actively executing in memory without a standalone malicious executable on disk.

This is the code execution phase of a fileless attack. Fileless attacks often abuse trusted system tools, scripts, and legitimate processes to execute malicious instructions directly in memory. A related privilege-escalation reference describes “Living Off the Land Binaries and Scripts” as Microsoft-signed files, scripts, or libraries that can be used by APT or red-team operators for unexpected attacker functionality .

Option A. Persistence is incorrect because persistence would involve maintaining access through registry keys, scheduled tasks, services, startup folders, or similar mechanisms. The scenario states these changes had not yet occurred.

Option B. Point of Entry is incorrect because the entry point was the phishing email attachment. The question focuses on the execution that occurs after opening it.

Option C. Achieving Objectives is incorrect because no final objective, such as data theft, lateral movement, or impact, is described.

Option D. Code Execution is correct because malicious instructions are running inside legitimate processes.

Therefore, the best answer is D. Code Execution.

The correct answer is D. Integrity. In the CIA triad, integrity refers to protecting information from unauthorized alteration, modification, or revision, whether the data is stored at rest or moving across a network. CEH-aligned material explains that integrity ensures data received is exactly the same as the data originally sent, and any addition, deletion, or alteration means integrity has been compromised. The question states that an attack altered the contents of two critical files, which directly indicates unauthorized modification of data. This is an integrity violation because the trustworthiness, accuracy, and reliability of those files can no longer be guaranteed. Availability is incorrect because availability concerns whether systems or data are accessible when needed. Authentication is incorrect because it verifies the identity of a user, device, or process. Confidentiality is also incorrect because confidentiality focuses on secrecy and preventing unauthorized disclosure, not file modification. Therefore, an attack that changes critical file contents is best described as an integrity attack.

The Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) Cloud Computing and Data Protection module emphasizes the importance of resilient backup strategies to protect against data tampering, ransomware, and unauthorized modification.

The 3-2-1 backup model is a widely recommended best practice referenced in CEH materials. It requires maintaining:

3 copies of data

Stored on 2 different media types

With 1 copy stored offsite

This approach ensures that even if cloud backups are compromised or altered, clean and uncompromised versions remain available. CEH documentation highlights this model as a core defense against data integrity attacks in cloud environments.

Option D directly mitigates the risk of backup tampering.

Options A, B, and C address unrelated security concerns and do not protect backup integrity.