CISA Exam Dumps - Certified Information Systems Auditor

The best recommendation to mitigate the risk of data leakage from lost or stolen devices that contain confidential data is to configure them to auto-wipe after multiple failed access attempts, as this would prevent unauthorized access and erase sensitive information from the device. Requiring employees to attend security awareness training, password protecting critical data files, or enabling device auto-lockfunction are also good practices, but they may not be sufficient oreffective in preventing data leakage from lost or stolen devices. References: CISA Review Manual (Digital Version), Chapter 5, Section 5.3

 A network firewall is a device or software that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined rules. A network firewall can help reduce the risk of denial of service (DoS) attacks, which are attempts to overwhelm a system or network with excessive requests or traffic, by filtering or blocking unwanted or malicious packets. A SQL injection attack is a type of code injection attack that exploits a vulnerability in a web application’s database query, by inserting malicious SQL statements into the input fields. A phishing attack is a type of social engineering attack that attempts to trick users into revealing sensitive information or installing malware, by sending fraudulent emails or messages that impersonate legitimate entities. An insider attack is a type of malicious activity that originates from within an organization, such as employees, contractors, or partners, who abuse their access privileges or credentials to compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information systems or data. A network firewall cannot prevent these types of attacks, as they rely on exploiting human or application weaknesses rather than network vulnerabilities.

The first step when developing a DLP solution for a large organization is to conduct a data inventory and classification exercise. This step involves identifying and locating all the data assets that the organization owns, generates, or handles, and assigning them to different categories based on their sensitivity, value, and regulatory requirements1. Data inventory and classification is essential for DLP because it helps to determine the scope and objectives of the DLP solution, as well as the appropriate level of protection and monitoring for each data category2. Data inventory and classification also enables the organization to prioritize its DLP efforts based on the risk and impact of data loss or leakage3.

Option B is not correct because identifying approved data workflows across the enterprise is a subsequent step after conducting data inventory and classification. Data workflows are the processes and channels through which data are created, stored, accessed, shared, or transmitted within or outside the organization4. Identifying approved data workflows helps to define the normal and legitimate use of data, as well as to detect and prevent unauthorized or anomalous data activities5. However, before identifying approved data workflows, the organization needs to know what data it has and how it should be classified.

Option C is not correct because conducting a threat analysis against sensitive data usage is another subsequent step after conducting data inventory and classification. Threat analysis is the process of identifying and assessing the potential sources, methods, and impacts of data loss or leakage incidents. Threat analysis helps to design and implement effective DLP controls and countermeasures based on the risk profile of each data category. However, before conducting threat analysis, the organization needs to know what data it has and how it should be classified.

Option D is not correct because creating the DLP policies and templates is the final step after conducting data inventory and classification, identifying approved data workflows, and conducting threat analysis. DLP policies and templates are the rules and configurations that specify how the DLP solution should monitor, detect, report, and respond to data loss or leakage events. DLP policies and templates should be aligned with the organization’s business needs, regulatory obligations, and risk appetite. However, before creating the DLP policies and templates, the organization needs to know what data it has, how it should be classified, how it should be used, and what threats it faces.

Post-implementation testing is the process of verifying and validating the functionality, performance, and security of a system after it has been deployed to the production environment1. Post-implementation testing is important for ensuring that the system meets the user requirements and expectations, as well as the operational and business objectives. Post-implementation testing also helps to identify and resolve any defects, errors, or issues that may have occurred during the deployment process or that may have been missed during the previous testing stages2.

Therefore, the observation that post-implementation testing is not conducted for all system releases should be of greatest concern to an IS auditor performing an audit of change and release management controls for a new complex system developed by a small in-house IT team. This observation indicates that the system may have quality, reliability, or security problems that could affect the user satisfaction, system performance, or data integrity. This observation also suggests that the change and release management controls are not adequate or effective, as they do not ensure that all system releases are properly tested and validated before and after deployment.

Option A is not correct because access to change testing strategy and results is not restricted to staff outside the IT team is not a major concern for an IS auditor. While it is good practice to limit access to sensitive or confidential information, such as test data or test cases, to authorized personnel only, access to change testing strategy and results may not pose a significant risk to the system or the organization. Moreover, access to change testing strategy and results may be beneficial for some stakeholders outside the IT team, such as business users, project managers, or auditors, who may need to review or evaluate the testing process or outcomes.

Option B is not correct because some user acceptance testing (UAT) was completed by members of the IT team is not a major concern for an IS auditor. User acceptance testing is the process of verifying and validating that the system meets the user requirements and expectations by involving actual or representative users in the testing process3. While it is preferable to have independent and unbiased users perform UAT, it may not be feasible or practical for some organizations, especially those with small or limited resources. Therefore, some UAT may be completed by members of the IT team, as long as they have sufficient knowledge and experience of the user needs and expectations, and as long as they follow the UAT plan and criteria.

Option C is not correct because IT administrators have access to the production and development environment is not a major concern for an IS auditor. IT administrators are responsible for managing and maintaining the IT infrastructure, including the production and development environments4. Therefore, it is reasonable and necessary for them to have access to both environments, as long as they follow the appropriate policies and procedures for accessing, using, and securing them. Moreover, IT administrators may need to perform tasks such as backup, restore, patching, or troubleshooting in both environments.