350-401 Exam Dumps - Implementing Cisco Enterprise Network Core Technologies (350-401 ENCOR)

In OSPF, to reduce the number of routes advertised by type 3 LSAs to other areas and to summarize routes at an area boundary, the area range command is used on the Area Border Router (ABR). The correct command should specify the area that contains the networks you want to summarize (in this case, Area 1) and include a summary address that encompasses all of the networks you wish to advertise as a single route.

Option D is correct because it specifies Area 1, which is where Atlanta router interfaces are located according to the exhibit provided in your question (assuming that Atlanta is an ABR between Area 1 and Backbone Area 0). The IP address range 192.168.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0 correctly summarizes the subnets 192.168.x.x/24 where x ranges from 0-7, which would include all subnets from 192.168.0.x through 192.168.7.x.

The requirement is to use a reliable protocol, which implies the use of TCP rather than UDP because TCP provides delivery acknowledgment ensuring the logs are received by the syslog server. Additionally, the configuration must not use well-known ports, which are those below 1024. Therefore, the correct configuration is to use a non-well-known port such as 1024, and specify TCP as the transport protocol.

The scenario described involves a client device roaming between wireless LAN controllers that are mobility peers, with both controllers having a dynamic interface on the same client VLAN. This type of roam is known as an inter-controller roam because it occurs between two separatecontrollers that are part of the same mobility group and manage the same VLAN for the client. The dynamic interfaces on both controllers facilitate seamless client connectivity and mobility within the same VLAN as the client moves from one controller’s coverage area to another. References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training provides insights into various networking concepts, including wireless LAN controller operations and client mobility1.

VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) allows for the automatic assignment of available IP routers to participating hosts. In this case, the output shows that R1 has a higher priority set (110) over the default priority (which is typically 100), making it the primary router for VRRP group 1 as long as it has the IP address 10.10.1.1/32 in its routing table, which would make it reachable according to the ‘track’ statement configuration.

 The NETCONF protocol is used for installing, manipulating, and deleting the configuration of network devices through a network. To secure NETCONF access to a device, an Access Control List (ACL) can be applied which restricts the IP addresses that are allowed to establish NETCONF sessions with the device. If after configuring NETCONF on a device, the ‘show running-config’ command does not produce any output, it could indicate that an ACL is blocking access. The command ‘no netconf ssh acl 1’ would remove such restrictions if ACL number 1 was previously applied to NETCONF SSH sessions. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0 - Configuring and Verifying Netconf/Yang

OMP, or Overlay Management Protocol, is a critical component of the Cisco SD-WAN solution. It performs several functions essential to the operation of the SD-WAN network:

A. Advertisement of network prefixes and their attributes: OMP advertises routes, TLOCs (Transport Location), and services within the SD-WAN fabric. It facilitates the distribution of routing information and related location mappings across the network, ensuring that all nodes have the necessary data to route traffic efficiently.

E. Segmentation and differentiation of traffic: OMP enables the segmentation of traffic into different VPNs or VRFs (Virtual Routing and Forwarding instances). This allows for the creation of separate, secure environments within the same physical infrastructure, catering to various service levels and user groups.

The correct JSON syntax derived from the data would be the one that accurately represents the structure and data types as defined in the exhibit. In the context of the SPCOR course, JSON syntax is used to represent network configuration and state information in a structured, text-based format. It is important for the JSON to be correctly formatted with proper key-value pairs, arrays, and nested objects as required.

References := The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course

 Cisco StackWise technology is designed to connect multiple switches into a single, unified system. It utilizes special stacking cables that are proprietary to Cisco, which allows the switches to share resources and operate as though they are a single entity. This technology simplifies the management of switch resources and provides scalability and resiliency in network design. The switches in a StackWise setup share the same configuration and forwarding state, making it easier to manage and configure the network as a whole.

GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol) supports multiple load balancing methods. When the members of a GLBP group have different throughput capabilities, the weighted load balancing method is used. This method allows traffic to be distributed among the routers based on their assigned weights, which reflect their forwarding capacity2.

References: Cisco’s guide on GLBP.

 In a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) environment, the port priority determines which port should be put in forwarding state when there is a tie in the path cost to the root bridge. The default port priority value is 128, and it can be adjusted to influence which port becomes the designated or root port. The lower the port priority value, the more likely the port will be selected as the designated port.

In the scenario provided, all switches are configured with the default port priority value. To ensure that traffic from PC1 is forwarded over the Gi1/3 trunk port between DWS1 and DSW2, we need to select the appropriate interface on both switches. The commands B and D are correctbecause they select the interface Gi1/3 on DSW2 and DSW1, respectively. Once the correct interface is selected, other spanning-tree related commands can be applied to influence the STP process.

The other options, A, C, and E, involve changing the port priority value, which is not necessary if the default values are already causing the desired behavior. Moreover, option C suggests setting the port priority to 0, which is not a valid value as the lowest possible priority value is 1.

When using Cisco ISE for a guest portal with the default configuration, if a warning appears during the testing phase, it typically indicates an issue with the server’s certificate. In most cases, this warning occurs because the server is using a self-signed certificate which is not trusted by user devices by default. Users will see a warning message in their browsers when trying to access the guest portal because their devices do not recognize the issuer of the self-signed certificate as a trusted authority.

 In the context of Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies, Control Plane Policing (CoPP) is used to protect the control plane of routers and switches from excessive or malicioustraffic, which can affect network stability and performance. To allow SNMP monitoring while protecting the control plane, one would need to implement a CoPP policy that permits SNMP traffic from the network management server but restricts other types of traffic that could be harmful.

Option B includes a class map called “class-map match-all CoPP-management” which matches on access-list 150; this access list permits UDP traffic for SNMP from host 10.0.1.2 to host 10.0.1.4, which is likely our network management server.

Option E applies the CoPP policy to the control plane with “service-policy input CoPP-policy”. This command activates the defined CoPP policy on incoming traffic directed at the control plane.

To establish eBGP peering using loopback interfaces as the BGP router ID, you need to specify the neighbor’s loopback address with the remote-as command followed by setting the update source to the local router’s loopback interface. The configuration provided in option A correctly sets up eBGP peering between R3 and R4 using their respective loopback addresses for BGP router ID. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

Cisco TrustSec uses Security Group Tags (SGTs) to enforce access control policies across the network. SGTs are assigned to traffic at ingress points, and these tags are then used to make policy decisions as the traffic moves through the network. This allows for consistent policy enforcement regardless of the location of the user or device, making it scalable and secure. References: Implementing Cisco TrustSec (as part of Cisco’s CCNP Security certification)

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), protocol operations, and notifications for network management protocols. It provides a clear, hierarchical structure with support for configuration data, RPC operations, and notification events.

An AP may join a different WLC than the one specified through option 43 if it has been primed to join another WLC. Priming is the process of pre-configuring an AP with specific WLC details, such as the IP address, so that when the AP boots up, it knows which controller to join. If an AP is primed to a specific WLC, it will ignoreDHCP option 43 and attempt to join the primed WLC. References: Cisco Community, Cisco Community, Cisco Documentation

When a high bandwidth multicast stream is sent over an MVPN using Cisco hardware, a data MDT is created specifically for (S, G) multicast route entries. This allows for the most efficient transmission through the core network. The data MDT is a feature unique to Cisco IOS software and is intended for high-bandwidth sources such as full-motion video inside the VPN. It ensures optimal traffic forwarding in the MPLS VPN core by dynamically creating MDTs for high-bandwidth transmission.

In the NTP (Network Time Protocol) hierarchy, a stratum level defines the distance from the reference clock. A Stratum 0 device is a high-precision timekeeping device such as an atomic clock or GPS clock that is not directly connected to the network. A Stratum 1 server is directly connected to the Stratum 0 device and serves time to lower-stratum servers on the network. Therefore, a server that is connected directly to an authoritative time source is considered a Stratum 1 server. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

The correct configuration for the scenario described would involve setting up VPN-A to send traffic to VPN-B and receive from VPN-C, and VPN-B to send to VPN-C and receive from VPN-A. This can be achieved through proper routing and forwarding configurations using technologies such as MPLS L3VPNs, which allow for the segregation of different VPN traffic over a shared network infrastructure. The configuration would ensure that the correct paths are established for traffic flow between the VPNs as specified. References := The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course provides a deep dive into Service Provider technologies including core architecture, services, networking, automation, quality of services, security, and network assurance. It covers topics such as MPLS VPNs, which are relevant to the question1

The Design workflow in Cisco DNA Center is used in a greenfield deployment where there is no existing infrastructure. It allows engineers to create the structure and framework of the network from scratch, including the physical topology, network settings, and device type profiles2.

The Design area is where you create the structure and framework of your network, including the physical topology, network settings, and device type profiles that you can apply to devices throughout your network. Use the Design workflow if you do not already have an existing infrastructure. If you have an existing infrastructure, use the Discovery feature.

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/clou d-systems-management/network-automation-and-management/dna-center/2-1-2/user_guide/b_cisco_dna_center_ug_2_1_2/b_cisco_dna_center_ug_2_1_1_chapter_0110.html

YANG data models are designed to define the structure of network configuration and state data. They include:

rpc statements: These define remote procedure calls that can be invoked on network elements via management protocols like NETCONF.

container statements: These define hierarchically structured containers of data, which can hold other data elements such as leafs, lists, and additional containers.

YANG is a modular language that represents data structures in an XML tree format, and it is protocol-independent, meaning it can be converted into any encoding format like XML or JSON that the network configuration protocol supports. It also allows for the use of XPATH expressions to define constraints on the elements of a YANG data model.

In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), different network types can impact the formation of adjacencies between routers. The compatibility between OSPF network types is crucial for successful peering. Point-to-multipoint network type is designed to work over networks that have no broadcast capability, and it treats each connection as a separate point-to-point link. This allows it to communicate with nonbroadcast network types, which also do not assume broadcast capabilities. Therefore, point-to-multipoint to nonbroadcast network types are compatible and allow communication through the two peering devices. This compatibility is essential for OSPF operations over certain types of WAN links, such as Frame Relay or ATM, where broadcast capability is not present.

A virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a computer system that provides the functionality of a physical computer. To run a VM, you need a hypervisor, which is software that creates and runs virtual machines. The hypervisor sits between the hardware and the VM and allocates physical resources such as CPU, memory, and storage to the VM. There are two types of hypervisors:

Type 1 hypervisor: Also known as a bare-metal hypervisor, it runs directly on the host’s hardware to control the hardware and to manage guest operating systems. Examples include VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, and Xen.

Type 2 hypervisor: Also known as a hosted hypervisor, it runs on a conventional operating system just like other computer programs. Examples include VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox.

While a Type 1 hypervisor does not require a host operating system, a Type 2 hypervisor does. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as a hypervisor (either Type 1 or Type 2) and physical server hardware are required to run a VM.

In a Cisco SD-WAN solution, Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) is used to monitor the health of a data plane tunnel. BFD is a low-overhead, short-duration method for detecting failures in the path between adjacent forwarding engines, including interfaces, data links, and forwarding planes.

The feature that allows legacy clients to connect to a WLAN with fast transition enabled, while still permitting other clients to use fast transition based on their OLTIs, is known as adaptive R. This feature enables the WLAN to support both Fast Transition (FT) and non-FT clients by setting the Fast Transition mode to Enabled and selecting both an FT and non-FT Authenticated Key Management (AKM), such as PSK and FT-PSK. This configuration allows non-FT devices to connect without FT, while FT-compatible devices can utilize FT for faster roaming.

When the command monitor session 1 destination remote vlan 223 is added to the configuration, it replaces the existing RSPAN VLAN destination with VLAN 223. This is because a monitor session can only have one remote VLAN destination at a time. If there was already a destination configured, such as VLAN 222 in this case, it would be overridden by the new command specifying VLAN 223. References: Cisco’s official training and certification resources on Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR).

 To resolve the certificate error that contractors are experiencing when trying to access the guest portal on Cisco ISE, a trusted third-party certificate should be installed on the Cisco ISE. This ensures that the certificate is recognized by the contractors’ devices, which may not have the internal CA certificate installed. Employees are not experiencing this issue because their devices likely have the internal CA certificate installed, which trusts the Cisco ISE’s current certificate.

 When reconfiguring an access port to a trunk, the error shown in SW1’s log indicates that there is a mismatch in the allowed VLANs on the trunk. To resolve this error, the allowed VLANs on both sides of the port-channel must be consistent. Option C is the correct command set becauseit specifies the allowed VLANs on the trunk to include VLANs 10 and 20, which must match on both switches to form a successful trunk link.

The issue with the BGP adjacency between R1 and R2 failing to establish is likely due to a mismatch in the Autonomous System (AS) numbers configured for the BGP session. In BGP, both routers need to have the correct remote AS number configured to form an adjacency. If R1 has the wrong remote AS number for R2, changing it to the correct one (which is 6500 in this case) will resolve the issue.

To force traffic through a specific path, one can manipulate routing policies and attributes. In the context of BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), the local preference attribute is used to prefer an outbound path from a local AS (Autonomous System). The higher the local preference value, the more preferred the route is. In this scenario, setting a higher local preference on R1 for routes received from R3 will make R1 prefer R3 as the next hop over R2 for reaching network 172.16.10.0/24.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1

 In GRE tunnel configuration, the ‘tunnel source’ command specifies the local source interface for the GRE tunnel packets. The correct interface must be up and have an IP address assigned to it for the tunnel to come up. In this case, since Loopback0 has an IP address assigned (192.168.1.1) and is in a ‘up/up’ state as shown in the exhibit, it is a suitable candidate for the GRE tunnel source.

 In order to configure a GRE tunnel interface in the default mode, after assigning an IPv4 address and sourcing the tunnel from an Ethernet interface, it is required to specify the tunnel destination. This is done using the command (config-if)#tunnel destination . The tunnel destination is the IP address of the remote end of the GRE tunnel. Without this configuration, the GRE tunnel interface will not be operational as the local router will not know where to send the encapsulated packets.

 In the context of NETCONF, which is an XML-based protocol used for network configuration, the most efficient way to reduce the amount of data returned by the NETCONF server is to use an XML filter. By creating an XML filter as a string, you can specify the exact configuration data you need, such as the interface’s configuration in this case. When this filter is passed to the get_config() method as an argument, the NETCONF server will only return the data that matches the filter criteria, thus reducing the amount of data sent to the NETCONF client.

 The active next hop IP address for the subnet 192.168.102.0/24 when the primary IP address 192.168.101.2 fails would be 192.168.101.6. This is based on the IP routing protocols and redundancy mechanisms such as HSRP, VRRP, or GLBP, which are designed to provide high availability by allowing multiple routers to work together to present the appearance of a single virtual router to the hosts on the LAN. The specific active next hop would depend on the priority and tracking configuration of these protocols on the routers in question. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training material provides a comprehensive guide on configuring, verifying, troubleshooting, and optimizing next-generation, Service Provider IP network infrastructures, including details on high-availability mechanisms and IP routing protocols1

 The issue with communication between London and New York could be due to a variety of factors such as routing misconfigurations, hardware failures, or issues with the service provider infrastructure. Option C is the correct answer because it addresses a common cause of communication failure in service provider networks, which is often related to routing or networkconfiguration issues. Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) provides extensive knowledge on configuring, verifying, troubleshooting, and optimizing service provider IP network infrastructures. This includes understanding core architecture, services, networking, automation, quality of services, security, and network assurance, all of which are crucial for resolving such issues.

https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/s/question/0D53i00000Ksy ty/tostastns-tottattnt

The ETR, or Egress Tunnel Router, in LISP (Locator/ID Separation Protocol) is responsible for publishing EID-to-RLOC (Endpoint Identifiers to Routing Locators) mappings for a site. This is part of the LISP control plane, which separates the endpoint identity namespace (EID) from the routing locator namespace (RLOC), with the ETR functioning as the component that advertises these mappings to the rest of the network, allowing for proper routing and forwarding of packets to their intended destinations.

Graphical user interface Description automatically generated

The correct Python code to display the value of the “hostname” key based on the router’s API output in JSON format is option C. This option correctly accesses the ‘hostname’ key nested within the ‘family’ key, which is part of the JSON data structure obtained from parsing the response text. The codesnippet json_data['response']['family']['hostname'] assumes that ‘response’ and ‘family’ are dictionary keys at different levels in a nested dictionary, with ‘hostname’ being a key inside the innermost dictionary.

The correct configuration for static NAT to allow HTTP access to a web server through two different ISPs involves using the ‘extendable’ keyword. This keyword allows the router to create multiple entries for the same local or global address. In this case, it enables the web server to beaccessible via both ISP 1 and ISP 2. The ‘extendable’ option is necessary because without it, the router would not accept a second NAT entry with the same local IP and port, which is required for accessibility through both ISPs.

 A data modeling language is used to structure, group, validate, and replicate data in a way that is efficient and manageable. It allows for the creation of a clear data schema that can be easily understood and used by different systems and applications. This is particularly important in Service Provider network infrastructures, where large volumes of data need to be processed and managed effectively.

 The correct configuration to ensure that R1 is the active gateway whenever it is in a functional state for the 172.30.110.0/24 network involves setting a lower priority on R1 so that it becomes the preferred active router. In HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol), the router with the lower priority value is chosen as the active router. Additionally, preempt should be enabled on R1 to allow it to take over as the active router if it has a higher priority than the current active router.

The protocol used to establish secure control plane adjacencies between Cisco SD-WAN nodes is TLS (Transport Layer Security). In the Cisco SD-WAN architecture, TLS provides a secure channel for control plane traffic between the various SD-WAN components, ensuring both privacy and data integrity. This is critical for maintaining a secure network environment, especially when transmitting sensitive information across the control plane.

The response code 204 in the context of an HTTP operation typically indicates that a request was successfully processed, but there is no content to return in the response body. In this case, since the script was run on a Cisco IOS-XE router and resulted in a response code of 204, it suggests that the configuration command was accepted by the device and processed successfully without any errors or conflicts such as another interface having the same IP address or the interface not existing on the target device.

For a site-to-site wireless connection, a Yagi antenna is the optimal choice due to its directional signal capability. This antenna type focuses radio waves in a single direction, enhancing range and minimizing interference from other sources. The design of the Yagi antenna allows it to capture more signal from a specific direction, which is ideal for point-to-point communication between two locations.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

 HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary redundancy protocol for establishing a fault-tolerant default gateway. The protocol establishes a framework between network routers in order to achieve default gateway failover if the primary gateway becomes inaccessible, by assigning a virtual MAC address to the group of routers participating in HSRP. By default, HSRP group 32 uses the virtual MAC address 00:00:0c:07:ac:20. This address is composed of the Cisco OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) 00:00:0c, followed by the HSRP identifier 07:ac, and finally the HSRP group number in hexadecimal, which for group 32 is 20. References: Cisco’s official documentation on HSRP

The configuration line ‘aaa authentication login default group ISE-Servers local enable’ sets up the router to use the ISE-Servers group for authentication first. If both servers in the ISE-Servers group are unavailable, it falls back to using the local username database (‘local’). If there are no usernames defined in the configuration, then as a last resort, it uses the enable password (‘enable’) for login. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials.

 Cisco SD-Access architecture enhances traditional campus networks by adding software-defined segmentation and identity services. Software-defined segmentation allows for the creation of scalable group tags (SGTs) that facilitate micro-segmentation within a virtual network, providing granular control over user and device access. Identity services are integrated to enforce policies based on user identity and group membership, ensuring secure and appropriate access to network resources.

https://www.aspiretransforms.com/2018/06/06/ insider-guide-cisco-sd-access/

 The task requires configuring NAT (Network Address Translation) to allow all users in the subnet 10.2.2.0/24 to access the Internet using a single public IP address, which is 209.165.201.1, for all external communication. This is typically done using PAT (Port Address Translation), also known as NAT overload, which allows multiple private IP addresses to be mapped to a single public IP address but with different port numbers.

The correct command set would include defining an access list that specifies the local subnet, configuring the router’s inside interface that connects to the local network with ip nat inside, configuring the outside interface with ip nat outside, and then specifying the NAT rule that uses PAT by referring to the access list and indicating overload.

Option C is likely correct because it includes these elements:

An access control list (ACL) that permits traffic from the 10.2.2.0/24 subnet.

The ip nat inside command applied to an internal interface.

The ip nat outside command applied to an external interface.

A NAT rule that matches traffic permitted by the ACL and translates it using the IP address of the external interface with overload enabled.

To prevent a route to 172.16.0.0/16 from being learned via OSPF, the network engineer must apply a distribute-list that references the prefix list in the inbound direction of the OSPF process. The command distribute-list prefix OFFICE in under the OSPF process will filter incoming routing updates based on the specified prefix list. Since the prefix list named OFFICE has a sequence that denies the 172.16.0.0/16 prefix, any routes matching this prefix will not be accepted into the OSPF routing table. The distribute-list needs to be applied in both the inbound direction on interfaces receiving OSPF updates (option A) and in the OSPF process itself to filter routes being received from OSPF neighbors (option E).

The correct configuration for a successful login to router R1 is found in Option C. This option likely includes the necessary login authentication commands and settings that align with the best practices and guidelines provided in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course. The course emphasizes the importance of proper configuration of network devices for secure and reliable access, which includes setting up appropriate user authentication methods, specifying privilege levels, and ensuring that the login process is secure to prevent unauthorized access.

In the context of VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), object tracking is utilized to dynamically adjust the priority of a router when a specified event occurs, such as an interface going down. For Edge-02 to preempt Edge-01 when Edge-01’s interface G0/0 goes down, the configuration on Edge-01 must include a decrease in its priority so that Edge-02 with a higher priority can become the master router. The correct commands would involve setting up track objects and associating them with the VRRP group, specifying the decrement value for the priority.

 Option B is the correct answer because it specifically permits and logs all traffic that comes from IP address 172.20.10.1 on interface GigabitEthernet0/1 without impacting the functionality of the access list. The command set in Option B is:

Router(config)#access-list 100 seq 5 permit ip host 172.20.10.1 any log

Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet0/1

Router(config-if)#access-group 100 in

This command set adds a sequence to the access list (seq 5) that allows traffic from IP address 172.20.10.1, logs this traffic, and applies this access list to incoming traffic on interface GigabitEthernet0/1.

Cisco DNA Center Assurance database can be backed up using an NFS share or a remote server. An NFS share allows for network storage that can be accessed by the DNA Center for backup purposes. A remote server refers to a server that is not part of the local network infrastructure but can be accessed over the network to store backups.Reference: https://www.cisco.com /c/en/us/td/docs/cloud-systems-management/network-automation-and-management/dna-center/2-1-2/admin_guide/b_cisco_dna_center_admin_guide_2_1_2/b_cisco_dna_center_admin_guide_2_1_1_chapter_0110.html

The REST security design principle of separation of privilege requires that granting permissions to an entity should not be based solely on a single condition. Instead, a combination of conditions based on the type of resource is a better approach. This principle helps in mitigating the risk of unauthorized access by ensuring that permissions are granular and context-dependent. References: REST Security Design Principles - Medium1.

Separation of Privilege: Granting permissions to an entity should not be purely based on a single condition, a combination of conditions based on the type of resource is a better idea.

https://restfulapi.net/security-essentials/#:~:tex t=REST%20Security%20Design%20Principles&text=Least%20Privilege%3A%20An%20entity%20should,when%20no%20longer%20in%20use.

The mechanism that ensures non-disruptive operation during the active supervisor module removal in a Cisco Catalyst switch is Stateful Switchover (SSO). SSO allows the standby supervisor module to take over the operation seamlessly when the active supervisor is removed. This feature maintains the network state and other important information, allowing the switch to continue operating without interruption. References: Cisco Catalyst 9400 Series Supervisor Module Installation Note1.

API keys are a simple method used to authenticate an application or user when making API calls. They are a predetermined string that the client includes in the request header, which the server uses to recognize the API call and verify that it has the permissions to access the requested resources. API keys are not encrypted tokens, nor are they related to local router databases or transmitted unencrypted credentials.

The endpoint security aspect of the Cisco Threat Defense architecture includes outbound URL analysis and data transfer controls, which help in preventing data exfiltration and unauthorized access to sensitive information. Additionally, cloud-based analysis of threats allows for continuous monitoring and rapid detection of new and emerging threats, leveraging the latest threat intelligence without requiring manual updates from security administrators. References := Cisco Cyber Threat Defense v2, What Is Endpoint Security? - Cisco, Cisco IoT Threat Defense, Endpoint security: A critical component for resilience, Cisco Bolsters Endpoint Security

 The Cisco DNA Center telemetry feature significantly enhances the user experience by enabling every point on the network to become a sensor. This allows for continuous streaming telemetry on application performance and user connectivity in real-time. The feature includes automatic path-trace visibility and guided remediation, which means network issues can be resolved quickly — often before they escalate into problems. This proactive approach to network management ensures a smoother, more reliable user experience.

 To establish a BGP neighborship with R2 and allow communication from R1 to reach the networks, the correct command set must configure BGP with the appropriate neighbor statement and network statement. The command set in Option C correctly specifies R2’s IP address in the neighbor command and includes the necessary network statements to advertise R1’s connected networks.

 To establish an OSPF adjacency without maintaining a DR/BDR relationship on a directly connected 1G Ethernet link, the OSPF network type should be configured as point-to-point. This can be achieved with the command ip ospf network point-to-point applied to the Gig0/0 interface of both routers. This configuration is suitable for directly connected interfaces, as it allows OSPF to establish adjacency without the need for DR/BDR election, which is unnecessary in this scenario.

VTEP, or VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint, is the component in VXLAN architecture responsible for encapsulating and decapsulating Ethernet frames. It acts as the interface between the overlay network where VXLAN operates and the underlay network, which is typically the physical network infrastructure. When encapsulating, the VTEP adds VXLAN headers to the original Ethernet frame, creating a VXLAN packet that can be transmitted over the underlay network. Upon reaching the destination VTEP, the process is reversed, and the VXLAN headers are removed to recover the original Ethernet frame for delivery within the destination network segment.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book

Cisco’s official training and certification resources on VXLAN and VTEP functionalities.

Causes of Errdisable

This feature was first implemented in order to handle special collision situations in which the switch detected excessive or late collisions on a port. Excessive collisions occur when a frame is dropped because the switch encounters 16 collisions in a row. Late collisions occur after every device on the wire should have recognized that the wire was in use. Possible causes of these types of errors include:

A cable that is out of specification (either too long, the wrong type, or defective)

A bad network interface card (NIC) card (with physical problems or driver problems)

A port duplex misconfiguration

A port duplex misconfiguration is a common cause of the errors because of failures to negotiate the speed and duplex properly between two directly connected devices (for example, a NIC that connects to a switch). Only half-duplex connections should ever have collisions in a LAN. Because of the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) nature of Ethernet, collisions are normal for half duplex, as long as the collisions do not exceed a small percentage of traffic.

 A vSwitch, or virtual switch, enables VMs to communicate with each other within a virtualized server. It is a software-based network switch that operates within a virtualized environment, bridging virtual machines (VMs) and physical network interfaces. Unlike a hardware switch, it does not support advanced Layer 3 routing protocols, does not have higher performance than a hardware switch, and does not operate as a hub broadcasting traffic to all vPorts.

The task is to block Telnet traffic, which uses TCP port 23, from a specific range of IP addresses (10.100.2.248 to 10.100.2.255) to the network 10.100.3.0. The correct configuration must deny this specific traffic and permit all other traffic. Option C is the correct answer because it contains an access list that denies TCP traffic from the specified IP range to any destination on the 10.100.3.0 network using the ‘eq telnet’ keyword to specify the Telnet port. It also includes a statement to permit all other traffic, which fulfills the requirement to permit everything else. References: This answer is based on the knowledge of access control lists (ACLs) as covered in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course material. Specifically, it refers to the standard and extended ACLs used to filter traffic based on IP addresses and port numbers.

The correct method to display text directly into the active console with a synchronous EEM applet policy is by using the puts command. The puts command in EEM (Embedded Event Manager) is used to output messages to the console. In the context of the given options, option C is the correct one because it uses the puts command to display the message ‘logging directly to console’ to the active console session.

References:

Cisco Community discussion on sending ‘show’ command outputs to console/terminal using EEM1.

Cisco documentation on Writing Embedded Event Manager Policies Using the Cisco IOS CLI2.

Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager Command Reference3.

Question regarding the method that displays text directly into the active console with a synchronous EEM applet policy4.

Cisco Press article on Embedded Events Manager5

The Rendezvous Point (RP) in Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) acts as a meeting place for sources and receivers of multicast traffic. Its main purpose is to receive Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) join messages from multicast receivers. This allows the RP to know which multicast groups have interested receivers and to facilitate the creation of a distribution tree for multicast traffic. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the calculated power radiated by a transmitter, taking into account the antenna gain and cable losses. It represents the power that would be transmitted if the antenna were an ideal isotropic radiator, radiating equally in all directions. EIRP is typically expressed in dBm, which is a power ratio in decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt (mW).

 To connect R1 to R3 via a GRE tunnel, the configuration must include creating a tunnel interface on both routers, specifying the tunnel source and destination, and setting the IP address of the tunnel interfaces to be in the same subnet. The tunnel source should be the outgoing interface of R1 that connects to the network leading to R3, and the tunnel destination should be the IP address of the interface on R3 that is reachable from R1. Additionally, routing must be configured to ensure that traffic can reach the tunnel destination.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials

Cisco’s official documentation and configuration guides for GRE tunnels

In a Cisco network environment, when using Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) to establish trunk links between switches, it is crucial that the native VLAN matches on both ends of the trunk link.The native VLAN is used for untagged traffic that crosses the trunk link. If there is a mismatch in the native VLAN configuration between two interconnected switches, as indicated by the “CDP-4-NATIVE_VLAN_MISMATCH” error message in the exhibit, management traffic or other untagged traffic on VLAN1 will not pass through. To resolve this issue, an engineer must configure both sides of the trunk link to have the same native VLAN ID. This ensures that untagged traffic can be correctly forwarded across the network.

To protect the OSPF domain from fake route advertisements and black hole traffic, it is essential to implement route filtering. By applying a policy to filter OSPF packets on R2, you can prevent the propagation of unauthorized OSPF routes. This action allows only legitimate routes to be advertised into the OSPF domain while blocking any malicious route injections. Route filtering is a critical security measure in OSPF configurations to maintain the integrity of routing information within the network1.

The REST security design principle of complete mediation requires that a system must validate access rights to all its resources for every request and must not rely on a cached permission matrix. This principle ensures that any changes in access rights are immediately enforced and that outdated permissions do not compromise security. References: REST Security Design Principles - Medium1; Design Principles - Clemson3.https://medium.com/strike-sh/rest-security-desig n-principles-434bd6ee57ea

To elect SW4 as the root bridge for VLAN 1, the priority value needs to be lower than any other switch in the network for that VLAN. The default priority value is 32768, and by setting SW4’s priority to 32768 for VLAN 1, it does not guarantee that SW4 will become the root bridge unless all other switches have their priorities set higher or equal and have a higher MAC address. However, assuming all other factors are default, this could make SW4 a candidate for being the root bridge if it has the lowest MAC address.

To put G0/2 on SW2 into a blocking state, we need to influence the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) decisions. This can be done by manipulating port costs or priorities to ensure that this port does not provide the best path to the root bridge. By setting the spanning-tree cost of G0/2 on SW2 to 128, it increases the likelihood of this port being selected as a non-designated port if there is another path with a lower cost.

The correct JSON syntax for the given data should have key-value pairs separated by colons and strings enclosed in double quotes. Each pair is separated by a comma, and arrays are enclosed in square brackets.

 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) are both interior gateway protocols used for routing within a single routing domain. Let’s compare their metrics and administrative distances:

Metrics:

EIGRP Metrics:

EIGRP uses a composite metric called “feasible distance” to determine the best path to a destination.

The EIGRP metric is based on a combination of several factors, including bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit).

EIGRP calculates the metric using a formula that takes into account these parameters.

The metric is used to select the best route among multiple paths to the same destination.

OSPF Metrics:

OSPF uses a simple metric called “cost” to determine the best path.

The cost is based solely on the interface bandwidth.

OSPF routers calculate the cost by dividing a reference bandwidth (default is 100 Mbps) by the actual link bandwidth.

The path with the lowest cost is chosen as the best path to reach the destination.

Administrative Distances:

EIGRP Administrative Distance:

Administrative distance (AD) is a value assigned to each routing protocol to indicate its trustworthiness.

For external routes (routes learned from other autonomous systems), EIGRP assigns an AD of 170.

OSPF Administrative Distance:

OSPF does not use administrative distances in the same way as EIGRP.

OSPF relies on the cost metric to determine the best path.

The administrative distance for external routes in OSPF is undefined because OSPF does not directly use AD for route selection.

In summary, EIGRP uses a more complex metric based on multiple factors, while OSPF uses a simpler metric based solely on interface bandwidth. Additionally, OSPF does not explicitly define an administrative distance for external routes.

References:

Cisco Enterprise Networking Planet: 1

Cisco Community: 2

PyNet Labs: 3

Catchpoint: 

The correct configuration to create a Control Plane Policing (CoPP) policy that allows unlimited SSH access from client 10.0.0.5 and denies access from all other SSH clients is found in Option C. This option correctly sets up an access list to permit SSH (port 22) only from the specified host, and then applies this access list in a class map which is used by the policy map to define the policing action.

The correct answer is C because when S1 is configured with LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol), the channel group mode should be set to ‘on’ to force the interface to channel without LACP negotiation. This is based on the understanding of LACP operation within the Service Provider network infrastructures, where LACP is used to aggregate multiple network interfaces into a single logical link to increase bandwidth and provide redundancy. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials

 The Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) uses virtual MAC addresses for redundancy in a network. For HSRP group 14, the virtual MAC address is formed by the prefix 0000.0c07.ac followed by the HSRP group number in hexadecimal format. Since 14 in hexadecimal is ‘0e’, the correct virtual MAC address for HSRP group 14 is 00:00:0c:07:ac:0e. However, the question seems to contain a typo, as the correct hexadecimal representation for 14 is ‘0e’, not ‘14’. Therefore, the closest correct answer would be C, assuming the ‘14’ at the end of option C is a typo and should be ‘0e’. References: HSRP Calculations - Networking - Spiceworks Community

A virtual machine is an emulation of a computer system that provides dedicated compute memory, storage resources, and a fully installed operating system. It operates based on the architecture and functions of a real or physical computer. Virtual machines are isolated environments, allowing multiple instances to run on a single physical host machine, which can be managed independently.

In Cisco SD-Access, the network data platform (NDP) and the network control platform (NCP) are two components that facilitate communication between traditional network elements and the controller layer. The NDP collects data, identifies trends, and analyzes network events, providing operational status and other relevant information to the management layer. The NCP provides automation and orchestration services for the fabric and underlay network, managing network devices and providing automation information to the management layer. These platforms ensure that traditional network elements can integrate and communicate effectively with the controller layer, which is essential for the operation of a software-defined network.

To configure a new loopback interface on a router and advertise it in OSPF, the commands used must create the interface, assign an IP address to it, and include it in the OSPF process. The correct command set is:

R2(config)# interface Loopback0

R2(config-if)# ip address 172.22.2.1 255.255.255.0

R2(config-if)# ip ospf network broadcast

R2(config-if)# ip ospf 100 area 0

This set of commands creates a loopback interface named Loopback0, assigns an IP address with a subnet mask to it, specifies the OSPF network type as broadcast, and includes the interface in OSPF process ID 100 within area 0.

Suppose a transmitter is configured for a power level of 10 dBm. A cable with 5-dB loss connects the transmitter to an antenna with an 8-dBi gain. The resulting EIRP of the system is EIRP = 10 dBm – 5 dB + 8 dBi = 13 dBm.

 Stateful Switchover (SSO) is a Cisco router feature that provides high availability for networking devices. When SSO is implemented, it allows a router to switch over to a standby Route Processor (RP) in the event of a failure with minimal impact on the network. This is because SSO ensures that the standby RP is kept in a state that is consistent with the active RP, allowing it to take over immediately without needing to rebuild routing information from scratch. The primary benefit of SSO is to ensure continuous packet forwarding and maintain session information, thereby achieving minimal network downtime during an RP switchover.

To advertise the 192.168.1.0/24 network to R2 without sending OSPF packets to SW1, the engineer must configure OSPF in such a way that it includes the network in the OSPF advertisements to R2 but excludes it from being advertised to SW1. This can typically be achieved by manipulating OSPF network types or using OSPF passive-interface commands to prevent OSPF updates from being sent out through the interface connected to SW1.

RESTCONF is a protocol used for network management that is based on HTTP, allowing for the retrieval and modification of configuration information using web-based APIs. It operates on a configurable port, and to set RESTCONF to use a specific port, the command restconf port  is used. Therefore, to configure RESTCONF to operate on port 8888, the correct command is restconf port 8888.

 JWT, or JSON Web Token, is a compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. It is used to validate the authenticity of the client and is sent inHTTP requests as a JSON object. JWTs can encode user identity and privileges, which the server verifies to grant access to protected resources. References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course provides in-depth knowledge on various technologies including security mechanisms like JWT

In the context of configuring an ERSPAN session on Cisco devices, the correct commands to set up a session with a remote IP address involve specifying the source and destination for the ERSPAN data. The source is where the monitored traffic will be captured, and the destination is where this traffic will be sent for analysis.

Option C provides a complete set of commands that define an ERSPAN source session with a destination IP address:

monitor session 1 type erspan-source: This command starts the configuration for an ERSPAN source session.

monitor-session 1 source interface : This command specifies which interface to monitor.

monitor-session 1 destination: This command sets up the destination for the monitored traffic.

erspan-id ip address : This part of the command specifies the unique ERSPAN ID and sets up the remote IP address to which monitored traffic should be sent.

These commands collectively create an ERSPAN session that captures traffic on a specified interface (or interfaces) and sends it to a remote analyzer at IP address 10.10.0.1.

In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) configuration, the ‘network’ command is used to specify which interfaces will participate in OSPF, and to define the area assignment for those interfaces. The correct syntax for the ‘network’ command includes the network address followed by a wildcard mask, and then the area ID.

In this case, GigabitEthernet 0/1 has an IP address of 10.10.1.1 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, which corresponds to a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.255 (the inverse of the subnet mask). Since we want this interface to participate in Area 0, as indicated by the exhibit showing it within Area 0’s boundary, option A is correct.

 SSO (Stateful Switchover) works in conjunction with HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) to provide a rapid failover solution in the event of a link failure. This collaboration is crucial for minimizing network disruptions and maintaining continuous data forwarding. When a failure is detected, SSO enables the standby router to assume control promptly, ensuring minimal impact on traffic and ongoing services.

 The configuration shown in the exhibit sets up NAT where inside local addresses from the subnet 10.1.1.0/27 are translated to inside global addresses from the pool consisting of addresses in the range of 209.165.201.0/27 when accessing outside networks. References:Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Official Certification Guide

 The Cisco SD-Access extended node function is used to extend the fabric by connecting to downstream nonfabric enabled Layer 2 switches. This allows for the inclusion of devices that are not directly compatible with the fabric technology, enabling them to participate in the fabric domain indirectly.

https://www.ciscolive.com/c/dam/r/ciscolive/emea/docs/2020/pdf/BRKCRS-2832.pdf

Solution:

R1

Router ospf 1

Int loop0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Int et0/0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Ip ospf network point-to-point

Copy run start

R2

Router ospf 1

Int loop0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Int et0/0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Ip ospf network point-to-point

Copy run start

Verification:-

The correct configuration for fallback to local authentication and authorization when no TACACS+ server is available is to specify ‘local’ as the secondary method after ‘group tacacs+’. This ensures that if the TACACS+ server cannot be reached, the router will use the local database for authentication and authorization.

 Cloud deployments offer a more consistent user experience globally, as they can leverage distributed resources and services. In contrast, on-premises deployments are subject to the specific conditions and limitations of the region in which they are located, which can affect performance and accessibility.

The configuration in Option D is correct because it uses an access list to permit traffic only from network 10.100.2.0 to networks outside of router B. The access list 101 is defined with a permit statement for IP traffic from the source network 10.100.2.0 with a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.255, allowing any destination (‘any’ keyword). This access list is then applied outbound on interfaces g0/0/0 and g0/0/1 using the ‘ip access-group’ command, effectively filtering traffic based on the defined criteria. References := Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

The orchestration plane of the Cisco SD-WAN is handled by the vBond component. It is responsible for the initial bring-up of devices, orchestrating connectivity between different network elements, and facilitating the establishment of secure control and data plane connections. References: Cisco SD-WAN Design Guide1, Cisco Viptela SDWAN: vBond as Orchestration Plane2.

When using BFD in a network design, it is important to consider that BFD is used with dynamic routing protocols to provide subsecond convergence. BFD is a low-overhead, short-duration method of detecting failures in the forwarding path between two adjacent routers, which allows for rapid failure detection and quick rerouting of traffic.

 The issue described is that the laptop does not attempt to connect to the network with a hidden SSID and RADIUS-based client authentication. The option “Connect even if this network is notbroadcasting” should be selected to resolve this issue. When a wireless network hides its SSID, devices won’t see the network’s name as an available connection. By selecting this option, the device will connect to the network even if it can’t find a broadcasted SSID, ensuring connectivity in environments where SSID broadcasting is disabled for security reasons. References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course provides a comprehensive understanding of configuring, verifying, troubleshooting, and optimizing next-generation, Service Provider IP network infrastructures, which includes knowledge relevant to resolving such wireless network issues

Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated

he Cisco DNA Spaces connector acts as a bridge between the on-premises WLC and Cisco DNA Spaces without exposing the WLC to the public Internet. It securely relays RSSI updates and other relevant data from the WLC to Cisco DNA Spaces, enabling location-based services while adhering to the security team’s requirements.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course1

Remote users need to access the Internet and upload files to the storage server. The correct configuration must allow for both these actions. Option C is the correct answer because it includes the necessary access control lists (ACLs) and network address translation (NAT) configurations that permit outbound Internet traffic while still allowing file uploads to the designated storage server. The ACLs are configured to permit the appropriate traffic, and the NAT configuration translates the internal network addresses to a public address for Internet access.

 Stratum levels indicate the distance of a network device from an authoritative time source in the Network Time Protocol (NTP) hierarchy. A Stratum 1 device is directly connected to an authoritative time source, such as a GPS or radio clock, making it the most accurate time server available to clients. Higher stratum levels (e.g., Stratum 2, Stratum 3, etc.) are further away from the authoritative source and thus have slightly less accuracy due to network delays. 

The output indicates that the HSRP group’s virtual IP address is 10.1.1.1 (Option B), as seen from the line “Virtual IP address is 10.1.1.1.” Additionally, the hello and hold timers are set to custom values of 3 seconds and 10 seconds, respectively (Option D), which differ from the default values, indicating they have been manually configured.

Next-generation firewalls (NGFWs) introduce advanced security capabilities such as application-level inspection and integrated intrusion prevention. Application-level inspection allows the firewall to understand and filter traffic based on the application being used, while integrated intrusion prevention systems (IPS) provide real-time threat detection and mitigation.

The configuration provided in the OCR text shows the use of a route map named RM_LOCAL_PREF to set the local preference for BGP routes received from the neighbor 13.13.13.3. By setting a higher local preference, the BGP best path selection process will prefer routes with a higher local preference value. Therefore, to force traffic to take the path R1-R3-R4, the local preference for routes received from R3 should be increased, making them more preferred than the current path via R2.

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework that enables applications to obtain limited access to user accounts on an HTTP service, such as Facebook, GitHub, or Google. It works by delegating user authentication to the service that hosts the user account and authorizing third-party applications to access the user account. OAuth 2.0 provides clients a “secure delegated access” to server resources on behalf of a resource owner. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) switching differs from process switching in that CEF utilizes dedicated hardware processors to perform packet forwarding decisions, which allows for faster and more efficient packet processing. In contrast, process switching relies on the main processor of the device, involving the CPU in every forwarding decision, which is less efficient and slower4.

References := NetworkUrge - Process Switching Vs Fast Switching Vs CEF

Table Description automatically generated with medium confidence

When the user ‘cisco’ logs in, router R1 will place the user into EXEC mode and permit the user to execute any command. This is because the configuration applied to the router determines the level of access granted to the user upon login. In Cisco routers, EXEC mode provides a higher level of access where users can execute various commands to configure and manage the device.

The issue of traffic not passing between SW1 and SW2 is likely due to the LACP mode being passive on S1, which prevents it from actively negotiating an aggregation with SW2. By configuring LACP mode on S1 to active, it will initiate the negotiation process for aggregating links, which should allow traffic to pass between the two switches.

Cisco TrustSec technology classifies traffic using Security Group Tags (SGTs). SGTs are assigned to endpoints, and these tags are then included in the packets that traverse the network. This allows for policy enforcement based on these tags, rather than relying on traditional IP addresses or VLANs. References: Cisco TrustSec Overview

 The command ip nat inside source list 10 interface FastEthernet0/1 overload enables NAT on the router, allowing multiple hosts on the internal network connected to FastEthernet0/2 to share a single IP address (the one assigned to FastEthernet0/1) when accessing the Internet. This is known as PAT (Port Address Translation), part of the NAT process, which helps conserve IP addresses and allows multiple devices to access the Internet using one public IP address.

The process of summarizing routes in OSPF involves:

Identifying the contiguous networks that can be summarized.

Using the area range command on the ABR to specify the summary address and mask.

Applying the command to the area that contains the detailed routes, not the area where the summary is to be advertised.

References: For detailed instructions and examples, refer to the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book and study guide, which provide comprehensive coverage of OSPF route summarization on Cisco routers

Option A is the correct answer because it uses the json.dump() method to write the Python dictionary UpdatedConfig into a file named “ifaces.json”. The "w" parameter in the open() function means that the file is opened for writing. If the file does not exist, it creates a new one; if it exists, it truncates the file. The json.dump() function is used to serialize UpdatedConfig (the updated interface configuration) which is a Python dictionary into a JSON formatted string, and then writes it to “ifaces.json” using OutFile. Finally, OutFile.close() is called to close the file after writing to it.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

 Protecting the CPU of a router from high rates of specific traffic types like NTP, SNMP, and SSH involves implementing Control Plane Policing (CoPP). CoPP uses policy maps and class maps to define actions for traffic that exceeds specified thresholds. The configurations must include a class map to classify the traffic, a policy map to define the policing actions, and applying the policy map to the control plane.

The configuration in Option A is the correct choice because it allows FTP traffic from the 172.16.1.0 /24 subnet to the 172.16.2.0 /24 subnet, which is the requirement stated in the question. This is typically achieved by creating an access control list (ACL) that permits traffic on port 21 (the standard port for FTP) from the source subnet to the destination subnet and denies all other traffic.

 The code snippet provided in the exhibit is a simple Python program that initializes a variable count with the value of 8. It then enters a while loop that continues executing as long as count is greater than 4. Inside the loop, it prints the current value of count and then decrements count by one each iteration. As a result, it will print the numbers 8, 7, 6, and 5 before count becomes less than or equal to four and the loop terminates.

The ncclient library is used in Python to interact with network devices via NETCONF. It provides a simplified API for CRUD operations on YANG data models, making it easier for developers to manage network configurations.

A picture containing application Description automatically generated

 In Cisco StackWise technology, the primary switch can lose its role as the active switch in the stack if a switch with a higher priority is introduced to the stack. The StackWise architecture is designed to allow switches to be stacked together to form a single switching unit. The primary switch is elected based on several factors, including the priority value assigned to each switch. The switch with the highest priority value becomes the primary switch. If a new switch is added to the stack with a higher priority value than the current primary switch, the new switch will take over as the primary switch after the stack is reloaded.

In Cisco SD-Access, the border node serves as the gateway for communication between the fabric (SD-Access domain) and external networks (nonfabric devices). It is essential for allowing traffic to flow in and out of the fabric. The control plane node, on the other hand, maintains the full mapping database of RLOC (Routing Locator) to EID (Endpoint Identifier), which is crucial for the fabric’s routing and forwarding decisions. References: Cisco SD-Access Solution Design Guide

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), RESTCONF, or any other network management protocol. It provides a standardized data structure that is transport protocol-independent, allowing for consistent management across different types of network elements.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course

 To assign an IP address to the GigabitEthernet1 interface, the engineer needs to ensure that the interface is configured to support IPv4 addressing and then assign the specific IP address. Option B, “Router(config-vrf)#address-family ipv4”, is required to specify that IPv4 addressing is being configured within the VRF. Option E, “Router(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0”, assigns the specific IP address and subnet mask to the GigabitEthernet1 interface. References := The explanation can be corroborated with information available in Cisco’s official documentation and training materials for Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies.

The script is missing an event to trigger the EEM applet. In Cisco EEM (Embedded Event Manager), an event is a specific occurrence on a network device that is detected by EEM. The “event none” statement is used in EEM scripts when the applet is not triggered by any system events but can be manually run. In this case, since the script aims to apply an access list, it doesn’t need to be triggered automatically by any system events but can be invoked as required.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

 The XML code in the exhibit is used to retrieve configuration data from a Cisco device using NETCONF protocol. It specifically targets the output of “show ip access-list extended flp” command and reads it into a dictionary list. This is evident from the Python script below the XML code, where it connects to a host, dispatches an RPC call with the XML filter, and then parses this data into a dictionary list.

 The QoS mechanism that allows a network administrator to control the maximum rate of traffic received or sent on a given interface is Policing. Policing limits the bandwidth for a traffic class and can drop or remark packets that exceed the specified rate. References: This explanation is derived from the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source book and supported by the search results

On-premises solutions offer greater compliance with government regulations than cloud solutions. This is because on-premises infrastructures allow organizations to have direct oversight and control over their data, systems, and security measures, which is crucial for meeting specific regulatory requirements. On-premises setups can be tailored to comply with stringent industry standards and government regulations that may not be fully addressed by cloud providers123.

References := Cisco’s training on Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 In a Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) routing architecture, the Egress Tunnel Router (ETR) is responsible for receiving and de-encapsulating LISP traffic for endpoints within a LISP-capable site. The ETR registers its EID prefixes and RLOCs with the Map-Server and responds to map requests received from the Map-Server. On the data plane side, an ETR receives packets from core-facing interfaces, de-encapsulates them, and delivers them to local EIDs at the site.

WPA3 Personal is the correct configuration for a WLAN that requires a passphrase for user access and provides forward secrecy, which ensures that session keys cannot be compromised even if the long-term secret keys are compromised. WPA3 enhances security over WPA2 by using the Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) protocol, which replaces the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) exchange mechanism. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training

The IP SLA operation that requires an IP SLA responder to be configured on the remote end is UDP jitter. This operation measures the delay variation (jitter) between IP SLA devices and requires a responder to accurately measure this metric. The responder provides a timestamp for when the packet is received and sent back, allowing for precise measurement of round-trip time and jitter3.

References: IP SLAs Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 15M&T3.

Traffic policing in QoS (Quality of Service) involves dropping or marking packets that exceed a defined rate limit, ensuring network stability and performance (option C). It’s typically implemented close to the source of traffic to prevent unnecessary traffic from traversing the network, conserving bandwidth and reducing congestion (option E). References := Cisco’s official documentation on QoS

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) is the language that defines the structure or modeling of data for both NETCONF and RESTCONF. YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration and operational features for network devices and is essential for the functionality of NETCONF and RESTCONF protocols4567.

References := Cisco’s training on Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

The vSmart controller in a Cisco SD-WAN environment manages the control plane. It acts as the brain of the network, orchestrating control plane operations, optimizing routing decisions, and ensuring secure communication across the network. References: Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Getting Started Guide3, [Part 6] Cisco SDWAN - vSmart Controller

When configuring a Cisco router to function as an NTP authoritative server, the ‘server’ mode must be activated. This mode allows the router to provide time synchronization to NTP clients within the network, even if it is not synchronized to an external time source. The ‘server’ mode ensures that the router’s time is considered authoritative and can be distributed to other devices. References: Cisco’s configuration guides provide instructions on setting up a Cisco router as an authoritative NTP server, including the necessary commands and configurations

The correct configuration for enabling TACACS^ authentication for remote users involves specifying the TACACS^ server details, including the IP address and the secret key, and applying the TACACS^ server group to the line configuration. Option C shows the correct configuration where the tacacs-server host command is used to define the TACACS^ server with its IP address and the key keyword to specify the shared secret. The aaa group server tacacs+ command is used to create a server group, and the server-private command within the group specifies the IP address of the TACACS^ server and the key. Finally, the line vty configuration applies the server group to the VTY lines, which allows remote users to be authenticated via TACACS^.

Graphical user interface, application Description automatically generated

ChefRuby syntax in configuration filesAnsibleall functions are performed over ssh

YAML configuration language

Based on Python

EIRP, or Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, is calculated using the numerical values of the transmitter power level, cable loss, and antenna gain. It represents the power level that an isotropic antenna (which radiates power uniformly in all directions) would emit to achieve the same signal strength as the actual antenna in the direction of its strongest signal.

 APs use UDP as a transport protocol, and port 5247 is required for APs to join a WLC when directed broadcasts are used on a Cisco iOS switch. This information can be confirmed from Cisco’s official documentation on Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course1234.

Cisco Service Provider training materials

 Stateless authentication and authorization for REST API calls typically utilize OAuth 2 tokens. This method does not store any state about the client’s session or prior requests. Each request must be standalone, providing authentication credentials with each call, ensuring that the REST application remains stateless2.

References := Advantages of Statelessness in REST

This command configures the router to use TACACS+ for AAA authorization, which is necessary for determining if a user has the rights to execute specific commands. When a user attempts to execute a command, the router consults the TACACS+ server to verify the user’s permissions. If the server authorizes the action, the command is executed; otherwise, it is denied.

The tag that defines the roaming domain and properties of an AP deployment is known as a policy tag. Policy tags are used to assign specific policies to groups of APs, which can include settings related to security, QoS, and other operational parameters. These tags help manage and enforce consistent policies across the wireless network, facilitating efficient roaming and network management.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials

 The correct configuration for setting NetFlow data export and capture on the router involves specifying the version of flow-export, setting the destination IP address and UDP port, selecting the interface, and enabling both ingress and egress flow capture. This is exactly what is done in Option D. It starts with specifying that IP flow-export version 9 should be used. Then it sets the destination for flow data export to IP address 192.168.23.1 on UDP port 23000, which matches the Cisco DNA Center configuration mentioned in the question. After that, it selects interface Gig0/1 and enables both ingress and egress IP flow capture on this interface. 

 Stateless calls made by REST APIs are advantageous in cloud applications because they don’t retain user session information on the server. This means each call is independent and doesn’t rely on information from previous calls, making the system more reliable and easier to scale horizontally. Stateless architecture allows for the redeployment of components without affecting the system’s state or behavior, which is essential for cloud environments where resources need to be dynamically allocated and managed.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials1.

The response “204 No Content” for the REST API request indicates that the server has successfully processed the request, and as a result, the specified resource (Interface loopback 100) has been removed from the configuration. This HTTP response code is typically used to confirm that an action has been completed successfully, but there is no additional content to send in the response payload.

The NETCONF protocol typically communicates over port 830. When a script fails to retrieve the running configuration from a NETCONF-capable Cisco IOS XE device, it’s often because the script is not using the correct port for NETCONF communication. By setting the script to use port 830, you align with the default NETCONF port, which should resolve the issue and allow the script to successfully retrieve the configuration.

The weight attribute in an EID-to-RLOC mapping is used to indicate the preference for using LISP (Locator/ID Separation Protocol) over native IP connectivity. It helps in traffic engineering by directing more traffic towards the RLOC with a higher weight when multiple RLOCs are available.

The error message “uri keypath not found” suggests that the URI used to fetch the BGP configuration is incorrect. This means the BGP data resource identifier in the URL is incorrect, making option A the correct answer. The script is attempting to access a RESTCONF resource that does not exist on the server, hence the “404 Not Found” error.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course1234.

Cisco Service Provider training materials567.

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation) is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF), the protocol operations, and notifications for NETCONF. One of the key benefits of YANG is that it enforces configuration constraints, ensuring that the data adheres to the defined schema and rules, which helps in maintaining the integrity and validity of the network configuration.

The configuration enables NTP broadcast on interface GigabitEthernet 0/1, allowing it to send NTP broadcast packets to synchronize time with other devices on the same network segment. It does not enable the reception of NTP broadcasts.

A Type 2 hypervisor functions as an application installed on an existing operating system rather than running directly on the physical hardware. This allows for the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs) that operate independently of the host system, making it a flexible solution for testing and development environments where maximum performance is not critical1234.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training5.

AWS’s explanation of Type 1 vs Type 2 Hypervisors1.

OpenClassrooms’ exploration of Type 2 Hypervisors2.

Red Hat’s overview of hypervisors3.

JBS’s insights on Type 2 Hypervisor efficiency4.

The response code 403 indicates that access was denied based on user permissions. This HTTP status code signifies that the server understood the request but refuses to authorize it, typically due to the client not having the necessary permissions for the requested resource.

This is because the CoPP configuration shown in the exhibit applies a service policy to the control plane of the router, which is responsible for processing the routing protocols, management protocols, and other control traffic. The service policy uses a class map that matches the access list 100, which permits the traffic with the source IP address 10.1.1.1. The service policy also uses a policy map that sets the committed information rate (CIR) for the matched traffic to 64 kbps, which means that the traffic is guaranteed to have a minimum bandwidth of 64 kbps. The policy map also sets the exceed action to drop, which means that any traffic that exceeds the CIR will be dropped. Therefore, the traffic that matches entry 10 of ACL 100 is always allowed with a limited CIR, and any excess traffic is dropped. The source of this answer is the Cisco ENCOR v1.1 course, module 6, lesson 6.3: Implementing QoS.

 Small or mid-size businesses often opt for cloud solutions due to the lower upfront costs compared to on-premises solutions. Cloud services typically offer a subscription model allowing businesses to scale resources according to their needs, avoiding large capital expenditures required for on-premises infrastructure.

To analyze traffic from the file server with a packet analyzer on switch SW1, the network engineer would need to configure a SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer) session. This involves specifying the source interface from which traffic will be mirrored and the destination interface where the packet analyzer is connected. The correct commands to achieve this are found in Option C, which includes setting up the monitor session with the appropriate source and destination interfaces.

The syslog message indicates that the MAC address of host 0054.3831.8253 is flapping between two different ports on the switch, which is a common symptom of an undesirable load-balancing configuration on the switch. This can occur when multiple physical links are not correctly aggregated, leading to frames from a single source being forwarded over multiple paths, resulting in out-of-order delivery and poor application performance. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Chapter on Troubleshooting Layer 2 and Layer 3 Connectivity Issues

 In the given scenario, to send user traffic to a packet capture tool for troubleshooting, Remote SPAN (RSPAN) should be utilized. RSPAN allows traffic monitoring on one switch to be monitored by a RSPAN VLAN that is available on another switch. In this case, defining the remote span VLAN on both switches SW1 and SW2 allows the 172.16.2.0 /24 user traffic to be captured and analyzed remotely. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

This approach involves isolating the problem to a specific component or area, which in this case is the connectivity to the default gateway and DNS server. By testing these individual elements, the technician can determine if the issue lies within the local network or if it’s related to external factors such as DNS resolution. References: The concept of divide-and-conquer is a fundamental troubleshooting methodology discussed in the context of network troubleshooting in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course1.

Sw1

Config t

Archive

Log config

Logging enable

Notify syslog

R1

Config t

Ip flow-top-talkers

Match source address 172.16.2.1/30

Int et0/2

Ip flow ingress

Copy run start

The correct configuration requires specifying the interface details within the JSON data structure sent in the PATCH request. This includes the interface type, IP address, and any other relevant settings that align with the RESTCONF API and the Cisco IOS XE native data models.

To configure a multicast UDP jitter operation on a Cisco device, you would typically use the ip sla command to start an IP Service Level Agreements (SLAs) process. Then, you would define the operation type, which in this case is UDP jitter, meant for measuring the delay variation (jitter) in transmitting UDP packets between two routers. The configuration involves specifying the source IP, destination IP, destination port, and other relevant parameters.

 When configuring WebAuth on a Cisco Catalyst 9000 Series WLC, it is crucial to ensure that clients do not receive a certificate error when they are redirected to the WebAuth splash page. To achieve this, the Virtual IPv4 Hostname must match the Common Name (CN) of the certificate used for the WebAuth page. This is because the client’s browser will check the CN on thecertificate against the hostname it is connecting to. If there is a mismatch, the browser will flag a certificate error, warning the user of a potential security risk. By matching the Virtual IPv4 Hostname with the CN, the certificate validation process will pass, and clients will not encounter a certificate error.

 Cisco TrustSec enables security policies to be applied consistently across the network on a hop-by-hop basis. This means that security policies are enforced as traffic moves through each hop in the network, ensuring that the policies are applied throughout the LAN, regardless of the path taken by the traffic. References: The SPCOR training materials discuss Cisco TrustSec and its role in providing comprehensive security in a multilayered LAN network design2.

 After authenticating to the Cisco DNA Center API, a client is provided with an authentication token to identify the authenticated session in subsequent API calls. This token is used in a header called x-auth-token for future API requests and is valid for sixty minutes1.

References: Cisco Community article on Authenticating REST API calls to DNAC1.

The preferred Quality of Service (QoS) marking for delay-sensitive real-time protocols, such as the Real-Time Protocol (RTP), is Expedited Forwarding (EF). EF is a per-hop behavior (PHB) that ensures low loss, low latency, and low jitter for critical traffic, such as voice and video. It is typically marked with a DSCP value of 46, which gives it the highest priority in traffic forwardingdecisions on the network. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials provide an in-depth understanding of QoS mechanisms and their application in service provider networks

Traffic shaping is a bandwidth management technique that delays the flow of out-of-profile traffic to ensure compliance with a specified traffic profile. It buffers excess packets until there is available bandwidth, rather than dropping them immediately. This helps in controlling the amount of traffic sent into the network, preventing congestion1.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0 training material1.

The LC (Lucent Connector) is commonly used on network interface cards due to its compact size and secure locking mechanism. It is well-suited for high-density connections, such as those found in data centers and telecommunications environments.

The correct answer is D, “R2(config-apple)# event none sync yes.” This command is used to create a manually triggered EEM applet. The event none specifies that the applet is not automatically triggered by any event but can be manually run using the event manager run command. The sync yes option ensures that the commands are executed synchronously1. References := Cisco EEM Basic Overview and Sample Configurations

R1

Router ospf 1

Int loop0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Int et0/0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Ip ospf network point-to-point

Copy run start

R2

Router ospf 1

Int loop0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Int et0/0

Ip ospf 1 area 0

Ip ospf network point-to-point

Copy run start

Verification:-

The IP SLA configuration shown is set to perform a UDP jitter operation to the target IP address 172.29.139.134 on port 5000 with a frequency of 300 seconds (5 minutes). The “frequency 300” command indicates that this operation will be repeated every 300 seconds. Given that there are 86400 seconds in a day, this operation will run approximately 288 times a day, making option A the closest answer.

To filter out DOT1X messages from being sent to a Syslog server, you need to apply a logging discriminator on the Cisco device. The logging discriminator will specify which messages should be excluded based on specified criteria. In this case, the criterion is to exclude messages that match the DOT1X format. The correct configuration involves creating a logging discriminator that matches the DOT1X message pattern and then applying it to the logging configuration that points to the Syslog server 10.15.20.33. 

CURL is a versatile command-line tool used for transferring data with various protocols, including HTTP. It is widely used for consuming REST APIs, allowing developers to send requests and receive responses directly from the command line.

 OSPF and EIGRP are both routing protocols used in IP networks, but they have different mechanisms for route selection and maintenance. EIGRP maintains a topology table with successor and feasible successor routes, which are the best and backup paths to a destination. OSPF, on the other hand, maintains a link-state database with all known routes and uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to determine the best path.

OMP (Overlay Management Protocol) is the control plane protocol used in Cisco SD-WAN architecture. It is responsible for establishing and maintaining the overlay network. OMP runs between vSmart controllers and vEdge routers, allowing the exchange of route, policy, and management information to ensure data traffic is forwarded optimally within the SD-WAN network.

 The configuration in option C is designed to allow administrators to configure the device through the console port while utilizing a network authentication server. This is achieved by implementing AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) services, which provide a framework for controlling user access to network resources. The AAA services ensure that only authenticated users can access the device, authorize the levels of access for each user, and keep track of the actions performed by each user.

To ensure that all traffic leaving AS 200 chooses Link 2 as the entry point, the engineer can manipulate the BGP attributes to make path via Link 2 more preferable. In this case, prepending AS numbers to the route advertisement will make the path appear longer and thus less preferable through Link 1. By applying route-map PREPEND with additional AS numbers on R3 for neighbor 10.1.1.1 (Link 1) and not doing so for neighbor 10.2.2.2 (Link 2), it will cause traffic to prefer entering through Link 2 which appears to have a shorter AS path. References: = This explanation is based on common BGP practices covered in Cisco’s Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) curriculum, where manipulating BGP attributes such as AS_PATH is discussed as a method for influencing routing decisions.

The radiation patterns shown in the exhibit are indicative of a Patch antenna. Patch antennas are a type of directional antenna with a flat design, which radiates energy in a specific direction. This is consistent with the radiation pattern depicted, which shows a more focused beam in a particular direction rather than the more dispersed pattern of an omnidirectional antenna or the distinct directional pattern of a Yagi antenna.

 In Cisco Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) terminology, the monitor mode allows an access point (AP) to scan its environment and report on rogue devices without serving any clients. This mode is used specifically for security monitoring purposes, such as detecting unauthorized APs, and it does not handle data traffic between clients and the network.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials discuss various AP modes and their functions, including the monitor mode for security purposes.

Quality of Service (QoS) is essential in a campus network to manage packet loss and delay, which can significantly affect the performance of real-time applications. Excess jitter (B) refers to the variation in time between packets arriving, caused by network congestion, timing drift, or route changes. Bandwidth-related packet loss (E) occurs when the network is unable to handle the volume of traffic, leading to dropped packets. Implementing QoS allows for prioritization of critical traffic and can mitigate these issues by managing traffic flows and ensuring that high-priority traffic is delivered efficiently, even in times of congestion.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course provides a comprehensive guide on configuring, verifying, troubleshooting, and optimizing Service Provider IP network infrastructures, which includes a deep dive into QoS mechanisms and their implementation in various network scenarios1

The error shown in the exhibit can be resolved by changing the first line of the script to “from ncclient import *”. This syntax is used in Python to import all modules from a package, which in this case includes the ‘manager’ module required for establishing a connection using ncclient.manager.connect.

References:

Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training1.

Cisco’s official certification exam overview for SPCOR 350-5012.

 The HTTP status code 204 No Content indicates that the server has successfully processed the request, but is not returning any content. In the context of a curl -I -X DELETE command, this response typically means that the command succeeded in deleting the object. The server has acknowledged the deletion request and has processed it without any errors, but there is no additional content to send back to the client.

HTTP Status 204 (No Content) indicates that the server has successfully fulfilled the request and that there is no content to send in the response payload body.

To prevent traffic from the Finance VLAN from traversing SwitchC, the appropriate command would be to remove the VLAN associated with Finance from the allowed list on the trunk link connecting SwitchC to the Core switch. This can be achieved by using the switchport trunk allowed vlan remove command followed by the VLAN number. This command modifies the list of VLANs allowed on a trunk interface, effectively preventing any traffic from the specified VLAN from passing through the trunk.

Diagram, line chart Description automatically generated

When using Transport Layer Security (TLS) for secure syslog transmission, the configuration should specify TCP as the transport protocol because it provides reliable message delivery. The default port for secure syslog over TLS is 6514, not the standard syslog port 514, which is typically used for unencrypted syslog over UDP.

References: General knowledge of network security protocols and syslog transportation methods.

OSPF adjacency can only be established on the GigabitEthernet0/1 interface. In the router configuration, OSPF is enabled on GigabitEthernet0/1, as indicated by the line protocol being up. The other interfaces, including GigabitEthernet0/0 and GigabitEthernet0/1.40, cannot establish OSPF adjacency due to reasons such as area mismatch or network type discrepancies. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 VXLAN, or Virtual Extensible LAN, is a network virtualization technology designed to address the scalability problems associated with large cloud computing deployments. It allows for the creation of a virtualized Layer 2 network on top of a Layer 3 underlay network.

VTEPs: VXLAN uses Virtual Tunnel Endpoints (VTEPs) to encapsulate Layer 2 frames within Layer 3 packets (MAC-in-UDP encapsulation), which can then be sent across the underlay network. This encapsulation and decapsulation process enables Layer 2 segments to stretch across Layer 3 boundaries, facilitating greater flexibility and scalability.

16 Million Segments: Unlike traditional VLANs, which are limited to a 12-bit identifier allowing for only 4096 unique VLANs, VXLAN extends this identifier to 24 bits. This expansion provides up to 16 million unique VXLAN Network Identifiers (VNIs), significantly increasing the number of possible segments and addressing the need for larger scale in cloud environments.

 Intent-based networking (IBN) is a design philosophy that seeks to plan, design, and operate networks that can automatically implement changes in response to business requirements. A routed access design, which involves implementing Layer 3 routing to the access layer, facilitates the migration to a programmable fabric design by providing a more scalable and flexible architecture. This design allows for easier implementation of software-defined networking (SDN) technologies, which are a core component of IBN. By moving routing closer to the edge, networks can be segmented and policies can be applied more granularly, which aligns with the principles of IBN.

The correct set of commands to allow deterministic translation of private hosts PC1, PC2, and PC3 to addresses in the public space would involve setting up NAT (Network Address Translation) on router R1. The commands should define the inside and outside interfaces for NAT, specify an access list that includes the private IP addresses of PC1, PC2, and PC3, and then apply this access list with a NAT statement that maps these addresses to a public address or pool of addresses. Option C is likely the correct answer because it typically contains the necessary commands for such a configuration. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book or study guide.

Proper JSON data formatting is essential for ensuring that data is correctly structured and can be easily parsed by systems. JSON data should be in a text-based format that follows specific syntax rules, such as key-value pairs enclosed in curly braces