CISA Exam Dumps - Certified Information Systems Auditor

 The first course of action when a data breach has occurred due to malware is to quarantine the impacted systems. This means isolating the infected systems from the rest of the network and preventing any further communication or data transfer with them. This can help contain the spread of the malware, limit the damage and exposure of sensitive data, and facilitate the investigation and remediation of the incident. Quarantining the impacted systems can also help preserve the evidence and logs that may be needed for forensic analysis or legal action.

A single point of failure is a component or system that, if it fails, will cause the entire system to stop functioning. In virtual environments, the hypervisor is the software layer that enables multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical host. If the hypervisor is compromised, corrupted, or unavailable, all the virtual machines running on that host will be affected. This can result in data loss, downtime, or security breaches.

References

ISACA CISA Review Manual, 27th Edition, page 254

Virtualization: What are the security risks?

What Is a Hypervisor? (Definition, Types, Risks)

After migrating infrastructure to the cloud, it ' s imperative to test the disaster recovery plan (DRP) to ensure its effectiveness in the new environment. Without evidence of DRP testing post-migration, the organization cannot be certain that it can recover and continue operations during a disaster. While updating the DRP and configuring redundancy are essential steps, their effectiveness can only be validated through rigorous testing. Retaining previous infrastructure is less relevant if the cloud environment is properly configured and tested for disaster recovery.

Segregation of duties is a fundamental concept in cybersecurity and information security. It refers to the practice of dividing critical tasks and responsibilities among different individuals or roles within an organization to reduce the risk of fraud, error, or unauthorized activities1. Segregation of duties is designed to prevent unilateral actions within an organization’s workflow, which can result in damaging events that would exceed the organization’s risk tolerance2.

There are different types of responses to risk associated with segregation of duties, depending on the level of risk and the cost-benefit analysis. Some of the common responses are:

Risk acceptance: This means acknowledging a risk and deciding to tolerate it without taking any corrective actions. This response is usually chosen when the risk is low or the cost of mitigation is too high3.

Risk mitigation: This means taking steps ahead of time to lessen the effects of a risk and make it less likely to happen. Some examples of mitigation strategies are making backup plans, setting up early warning systems, and staying away from high-risk areas or activities4.

Risk transference: This means shifting the negative impact of a risk and/or the responsibility for managing the risk response to a third party. Some examples of transference strategies are outsourcing, insurance, or contracts5.

Risk reduction: This means reducing the probability and/or severity of the risk below a threshold of acceptability. Some examples of reduction strategies are implementing controls, policies, or procedures to prevent or detect risks6.

Based on these definitions, the response to risk associated with segregation of duties that would incur the lowest initial cost is A. Risk acceptance. This is because risk acceptance does not require any additional resources or actions to address the risk. However, risk acceptance also implies that the organization is willing to bear the consequences of the risk if it occurs, which could be costly in the long run.

Therefore, the correct answer to your question is A. Risk acceptance.

For online payment security, bothconfidentiality(protection of data) andnonrepudiation(ensuring the sender cannot deny a transaction) are essential.

Option A (Incorrect):DES is outdatedandinsecurefor modern encryption needs. It has been replaced by stronger algorithms.

Option B (Incorrect):AES provides strong encryption(confidentiality) but does not handlenonrepudiationon its own.

Option C (Correct):PKI (Public Key Infrastructure)is the best solution because it providesencryption for confidentialityanddigital signatures for nonrepudiation, ensuring bothsecuretransactions andauthenticationof parties involved.

Option D (Incorrect):AVPN secures network traffic, but it does not address nonrepudiation, which is critical in online payments.

 Control totals are a method of verifying the accuracy and completeness of data processing by comparing the totals of key fields in input and output records1. Control totals can be used to reduce the risk of incomplete processing, which is the failure to process all the data or transactions that are expected or required2.

Incomplete processing can result in data loss, inconsistency, or incompleteness, which can affect the quality and reliability of the information system and its outputs. Incomplete processing can be caused by various factors, such as:

Hardware or software failures that interrupt the processing or transmission of data2

Human errors or omissions that skip or miss some data or transactions2

Malicious attacks or unauthorized access that delete or modify some data or transactions2

Environmental hazards or disasters that damage or destroy some data or transactions2

Control totals can help detect and prevent incomplete processing by:

Providing a benchmark or reference point to compare the input and output data or transactions1

Identifying any discrepancies or deviations from the expected or required totals1

Alerting the users or operators to investigate and resolve the causes of incomplete processing1

Ensuring that all the data or transactions are properly transmitted, converted, and processed1

The other options are not as relevant as control totals for reducing the risk of incomplete processing. Posting to the wrong record is the error of assigning or transferring data or transactions to an incorrect account, file, or record3. Improper backup is the failure to create, store, or restore copies of data or transactions in case of loss, corruption, or damage4. Improper authorization is the lack of proper permission or approval to access, modify,or process data or transactions. Control totals may not be able to prevent or detect these errors or failures, as they are not related to the completeness of data processing. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.