ISTQB ISTQB-CTFL Exam Dumps - Valid Questions Answers

• The testing of software does not demonstrate the absence of defects, but rather the presence of defects or the conformance of the software to the specified requirements1. Testing can never prove that the software is defect-free, as it is impossible to test all possible scenarios, inputs, outputs, and behaviors of the software2. Testing can only provide a level of confidence in the quality of the software, based on the coverage, effectiveness, and efficiency of the testing activities3.
• The other options are correct because:

References =

• 1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 10
• 2 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 11
• 3 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 12
• 4 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 13
• 5 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 97
• 6 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 98
• 7 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 14
• [8] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 15
• [9] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 16
• [10] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 17
• [11] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 18
• [12] ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, 2023, p. 19

A static analysis tool is a tool that analyzes a given program’s source code or executable code without executing it. A static analysis tool can perform various types of analysis on a program’s code, such as syntax checking, data flow analysis, control flow analysis, complexity measurement, coding standards compliance checking, etc. Control flow analysis is a type of analysis that examines how a program’s statements are executed in different paths or branches. One of the most likely outcomes of control flow analysis is identification of unreachable code, which is code that can never be executed due to logical errors or design flaws. Unreachable code can reduce readability and maintainability of the code, as well as increase complexity and size. The other options are not outcomes of control flow analysis, but rather outcomes of other types of analysis. Report on adherence to coding standards is an outcome of coding standards compliance checking. Number of comment lines and number of source code lines are outcomes of complexity measurement. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, page 8.

Defect clustering is a testing principle that states that a small number of modules contain most of the defects detected during pre-release testing, or are responsible for most of the operational failures. Defect clustering can be explained by Pareto’s principle (also known as the 80-20 rule), which states that approximately 80% of the problems are found in 20% of the modules. Defect clustering suggests a change to the current test strategy for the next test cycle, as it implies that more effort should be allocated to test the modules that have shown high defect density or criticality. Pesticide paradox is another testing principle that states that if the same tests are repeated over and over again, eventually they will no longer find any new defects. Pesticide paradox suggests a change to the current test strategy for the next test cycle, but not based on defect clustering, but rather on test diversity and coverage. Early testing is a testing principle that states that testing activities should start as early as possible in the software development life cycle and should be focused on defined objectives. Early testing does not suggest a change to the current test strategy for the next test cycle, but rather a proactive approach to prevent defects from occurring or propagating. Absence-of-errors fallacy is a testing principle that states that finding and fixing defects does not help if the system built is unusable and does not fulfill the users’ needs and expectations. Absence-of-errors fallacy does not suggest a change to the current test strategy for the next test cycle, but rather a focus on quality attributes and user requirements. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 1, page 9-10.