712-50 Exam Dumps - EC-Council Certified CISO (CCISO)

ï‚· Cloud Security Concerns

Public cloud computing environments present unique challenges. The most significant concern stems from the lack of direct physical control over server infrastructure. As these servers are managed and owned by third-party providers, organizations cannot implement or enforce their physical security measures. This concern is frequently emphasized in EC-Council's CISO guidance as it directly affects the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) triad.

ï‚· Impact of Physical Access Control

Confidentiality: Without physical control, organizations risk unauthorized physical access, potentially leading to data breaches.

Integrity: Physical tampering can compromise system configurations, software, or data integrity.

Availability: Physical tampering may result in downtime or service disruption.

ï‚· Comparative Analysis of Options

B. Unable to track log on activity: Public cloud providers offer robust logging and monitoring tools, making this concern manageable with proper configurations.

C. Unable to run anti-virus scans: Cloud environments support anti-virus solutions and endpoint protections at various levels.

D. Unable to patch systems as needed: Public cloud providers facilitate regular patching through automated solutions and shared responsibility models.

ï‚· EC-Council CISO References

Control and Oversight: EC-Council emphasizes understanding the shared responsibility model. While the cloud provider manages physical infrastructure, organizations are responsible for data and application security.

Mitigation Strategies: Implementing robust contractual agreements and auditing mechanisms ensures that the provider adheres to industry-standard physical security controls.

ï‚· Conclusion

Among the listed concerns, the inability to control physical access to servers is the most pressing for public cloud computing due to the potential direct impact on the overall security posture. By prioritizing this, organizations align their risk management strategies with the EC-Council's frameworks for cloud security.

ï‚· Preventing Unauthorized Database Access:

Input sanitization ensures that web applications validate and cleanse user inputs to prevent malicious payloads, such as SQL injection, from being executed.

ï‚· Why Input Sanitization Works:

Blocks injection attacks by filtering out harmful characters and queries.

Enforces strict input formats, reducing risks from malicious user input.

ï‚· Why Not Other Options:

A. Session encryption: Protects data in transit, not database access.

B. Removing stored procedures: Disrupts functionality without addressing input risks.

D. Library control: Reduces vulnerabilities in dependencies but does not address input directly.

ï‚· EC-Council Guidance:

Input validation is a cornerstone of secure coding practices for safeguarding databases from unauthorized access.

ï‚· Understanding the Attack Phases

According to EC-Council's methodology, attackers typically follow these sequential steps during a network attack:

Reconnaissance: The attacker gathers preliminary information about the target to identify vulnerabilities.

Scanning and Enumeration: Using tools to actively discover open ports, services, and potential weak points in the network.

Gaining Access: Exploiting identified vulnerabilities to penetrate the system or network.

Maintaining Access: Deploying backdoors, Trojans, or other mechanisms to ensure continued access even after the initial breach.

Covering Tracks: Removing logs, hiding activities, and employing obfuscation tactics to avoid detection.

ï‚· Correct Order

Based on the above explanation:

Reconnaissance (4) → Scanning and Enumeration (2) → Gaining Access (5) → Maintaining Access (3) → Covering Tracks (1).

ï‚· EC-Council References

CEH Phases of Hacking: These steps align with the five phases of hacking outlined in EC-Council's ethical hacking curriculum.

CISO Emphasis on Incident Lifecycle: A CISO must be familiar with attack methodologies to detect, mitigate, and respond effectively.

ï‚· Explanation:

Electronic discovery (e-discovery) involves identifying, collecting, and producing electronically stored information (ESI) as evidence in legal proceedings.

This includes emails, documents, and other digital files relevant to the case.

ï‚· Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Chain of custody: Refers to the process of maintaining and documenting evidence handling.

C. Evidence tampering: Describes the illegal alteration of evidence, not the process of discovery.

D. Electronic review: Involves reviewing digital information but is part of the broader e-discovery process.

ï‚· EC-Council CISO Reference:

Covers the importance of e-discovery in legal and compliance contexts, ensuring organizations are prepared to handle digital evidence properly.

ï‚· WEP and Shared Key Authentication:

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) uses shared keys for authentication and encryption, meaning all devices and the access point use the same key for communication.

ï‚· Key Characteristics:

Relies on pre-shared keys.

Vulnerable to cryptographic attacks due to weak key management and reuse.

ï‚· Why Not Other Options:

B. Asynchronous: Not relevant in the context of WEP.

C. Open: Refers to an authentication method with no encryption, not involving shared keys.

D. None: Incorrect; WEP uses shared keys for authentication.

ï‚· EC-Council Guidance:

Understanding WEP’s limitations and vulnerabilities is crucial for mitigating risks in wireless network environments.

ï‚· Explanation:

Maintaining power ensures volatile memory (RAM) data is preserved, which can contain critical forensic evidence such as running processes and network connections.

Securing the area prevents tampering or unauthorized access, preserving the integrity of evidence.

ï‚· Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Shut-down the computer: Shutting down can result in loss of volatile data critical to the investigation.

C. Place components in anti-static bags: Prematurely removing hardware disrupts the state of the machine and can lead to loss of evidence.

D. Secure the area: While important, it does not address the need to preserve volatile memory.

ï‚· EC-Council CISO Reference:

The first-responder guidelines stress the importance of preserving evidence integrity and avoiding actions that could destroy critical forensic data.

ï‚· Anonymity Networks:

Anonymity networks, such as Tor (The Onion Router), rely on virtual network tunnels to mask users' IP addresses and activities by routing traffic through multiple encrypted nodes.

ï‚· Key Features:

Ensures anonymity by encrypting traffic between nodes.

Prevents tracking of source and destination.

ï‚· Why Not Other Options:

A. Covert government networks: Not specific to anonymity networks.

B. War driving maps: Associated with wireless network discovery, not anonymity.

C. Government networks in Tora: Misstatement; likely refers to Tor.

ï‚· EC-Council CISO Emphasis:

Understanding anonymity networks is vital for cybersecurity professionals, both for defending against misuse and leveraging them for secure communication.

ï‚· Explanation:

In-line hardware keyloggers are physical devices placed between a keyboard and a computer.

They are a concern because they are not detectable by software-based monitoring tools, posing a significant risk to the confidentiality of sensitive information.

ï‚· Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. Don’t require physical access: Physical access is required to install the hardware.

B. Don’t comply with regulations: While true, this is a secondary concern compared to their undetectability.

D. Are relatively inexpensive: Cost is a factor but not the primary security concern.

ï‚· EC-Council CISO Reference:

The curriculum addresses the risks posed by hardware-based attacks and the need for physical security controls to mitigate such threats.