2V0-71.23 Exam Dumps - VMware Tanzu for Kubernetes Operations Professional

The Kubernetes project that vSphere with Tanzu Supervisor Cluster uses to automate the lifecycle management of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Clusters is Cluster API. Cluster API is a Kubernetes project that provides declarative APIs for cluster creation, configuration, and management. Cluster API uses a set of custom resource definitions (CRDs) to represent clusters, machines, and other objects. Cluster API also relies on providers to implement the logic for interacting with different infrastructure platforms5. vSphere with Tanzu Supervisor Cluster uses Cluster API to deploy and manage Kubernetes clusters on vSphere 7 across multiple vCenter Server instances and/or multiple data centers via Tanzu Mission Control6. References: Taking Kubernetes to the People: How Cluster API Promotes Self … - VMware, kubernetes-sigs/cluster-api - GitHub

The role of the Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service is to provision Kubernetes clusters that integrate with the underlying vSphere Namespace resources and Supervisor Services. The Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service is a component of vSphere with Tanzu that provides self-service lifecycle management of Tanzu Kubernetes clusters3. A Tanzu Kubernetes cluster is an opinionated installation of Kubernetes that runs on top of the Supervisor Cluster and inherits its capabilities, such as storage integration, pod networking, load balancing, authentication, and authorization4. The Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service exposes three layers of controllers to manage the lifecycle of a Tanzu Kubernetes cluster: Cluster API, Virtual Machine Service, and Tanzu Kubernetes Release Service3. References: Tanzu Kubernetes Grid Service Architecture - VMware Docs, What Is a Tanzu Kubernetes Cluster? - VMware Docs

Four policy types that are supported by VMware Tanzu Mission Control are:

• Security policy: Security policies allow you to manage the security context in which deployed pods operate in your clusters by imposing constraints on your clusters that define what pods can do and which resources they have access to6.
• Access policy: Access policies allow you to use predefined roles to specify which identities (individuals and groups) have what level of access to a given resource7.
• Network policy: Network policies allow you to use preconfigured templates to define how pods communicate with each other and other network endpoints8.
• Custom policy: Custom policies allow you to implement additional business rules, using templates that you define, to enforce policies that are not already addressed using the other built-in policy types9.

References: Policy-Driven Cluster Management - VMware Docs

VMware Tanzu Mission Control and Tanzu CLI package plugin are two methods that can be used to install Fluent Bit on a VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster. VMware Tanzu Mission Control is a centralized management platform for Kubernetes clusters across different environments. It allows users to install Fluent Bit on any attached cluster from the web console or the CLI, and configure the output plugins for log forwarding. Tanzu CLI package plugin is a command-line tool that enables users to interact with VMware Tanzu packages and services. It allows users to install Fluent Bit from a package repository on any standalone management or workload cluster, and configure the output plugins for log forwarding. References: Install Fluent Bit for Log Forwarding - VMware Docs, Implement Log Forwarding with Fluent Bit - VMware Docs

Node groups and service groups are two kinds of resource groups that can be created to collect and manage objects in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. A resource group is a collection of cluster resources of a specific type that share specific characteristics. Resource groups help enforce policies and monitor the performance of resources in a single global namespace or across your entire organization7. A node group collects nodes that meet certain criteria, such as running in a specific region or having certain labels. A service group collects services that meet certain criteria, such as having a specific name prefix or belonging to a specific namespace.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Cluster groups are not a valid kind of resource group in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. Clusters are not considered as resources in Tanzu Service Mesh.
• Security groups are not a valid kind of resource group in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. Security groups are used to define network access rules for resources in some cloud platforms8, but they are not part of Tanzu Service Mesh.
• API groups are not a valid kind of resource group in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh. API groups are used to organize Kubernetes resources into categories based on their API versions9, but they are not part of Tanzu Service Mesh.

References: Resource Groups, Security Groups, API Groups

A VM class in VMware vSphere with Tanzu specifies the CPU, memory, and resource reservations for a VM10. vSphere with Tanzu offers several preconfigured VM classes which you can use as is, edit, or delete. You can also create custom VM classes in your vCenter Server instance and it will be available to all Supervisor Clusters and the namespaces created in these clusters11.

When you create or edit a VM class, you can configure the following attributes:

• Name: A unique DNS compliant name that identifies the VM class.
• vCPU Count: The number of virtual CPUs (vCPUs) for a VM. This is a VM hardware configuration.
• CPU Resource Reservation: The guaranteed minimum CPU resource allocation for a VM. This value is expressed in percentage (%).
• Memory: The memory configured for a VM in MB, GB, or TB. This is a VM hardware configuration.
• Memory Resource Reservation: The guaranteed minimum memory resource allocation for a VM. This value is expressed in percentage (%).
• Storage: The storage configured for a VM in MB, GB, or TB. This is a VM hardware configuration.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Network is not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. Network configuration is done at the namespace level by using network policies12.
• Operating system is not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. Operating system configuration is done at the image level by using content libraries.
• PCI devices are not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. PCI devices are not supported by vSphere with Tanzu.

References: VM Classes, Create a Custom VM Class, Network Policies, [Content Libraries]

 L7 ingress in NodePortLocal mode is an ingress mode that leverages the integration between NSX Advanced Load Balancer and Antrea. NSX Advanced Load Balancer (NSX ALB) is a solution that provides L4 and L7 load balancing and ingress control for Kubernetes clusters5. Antrea is a Kubernetes networking solution that implements the Container Network Interface (CNI) specification and uses Open vSwitch (OVS) as the data plane6. In NodePortLocal mode, the ingress backend service must be ClusterIP mode, and Antrea assigns a unique port on each node for each pod that serves as a backend for the service. The network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB Service Engine (SE), and then directly to the pods without going through the nodes or kube-proxy. This mode reduces network latency and improves performance by avoiding extra hops7.

The following diagram illustrates how the network traffic is routed in NodePortLocal mode:

!NodePortLocal mode diagram

The other options are incorrect because:

• L7 ingress in NodePort mode is an ingress mode that does not leverage the integration between NSX ALB and Antrea. In this mode, the ingress backend service must be NodePort mode, and the network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB SE, and then to the cluster nodes, before it reaches the pods. The NSX ALB SE routes the traffic to the nodes, and kube-proxy helps route the traffic from the nodes to the target pods. This mode requires an extra hop for kube-proxy to route traffic from node to pod7.
• L7 ingress in ClusterIP mode is an ingress mode that does not leverage the integration between NSX ALB and Antrea. In this mode, the ingress backend service must be ClusterIP mode, and Antrea assigns a virtual IP (VIP) for each service. The network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB SE, and then to one of the VIPs assigned by Antrea, before it reaches the pods. The NSX ALB SE routes the traffic to one of the VIPs, and kube-proxy helps route the traffic from the VIPs to the target pods. This mode requires an extra hop for kube-proxy to route traffic from VIPs to pod7.
• L7 ingress in Nodelntegration mode is not a valid ingress mode for NSX ALB.

References: NSX Advanced Load Balancer, Antrea, NSX ALB as L7 Ingress Controller

VMware vSphere 8 is the version of VMware vSphere that introduces the capability for provisioning a workload cluster using a cluster class (ClusterClass) from VMware Tanzu Mission Control. ClusterClass is a feature of Cluster API that allows users to define a reusable cluster configuration template and use it to create consistent clusters with a predefined shape and size. Tanzu Mission Control leverages ClusterClass to enable users to create Tanzu Kubernetes clusters in vSphere with Tanzu using a default cluster class. The default cluster class specifies the number of control plane nodes, worker nodes, and the resources allocated to each node. To use ClusterClass with Tanzu Mission Control, the vSphere environment must be running version 8.0 or later, and the Supervisor Cluster must be upgraded from vSphere 7.0U3.

The other options are incorrect because:

• VMware vCenter Server 6.7 Update 3 is not a version of VMware vSphere, but rather a version of VMware vCenter Server, which is the centralized management platform for vSphere environments. VMware vCenter Server 6.7 Update 3 does not support ClusterClass or Tanzu Mission Control.
• VMware vSphere 6.7 is an older version of VMware vSphere that does not support ClusterClass or Tanzu Mission Control. VMware vSphere 6.7 reached end of general support on October 15, 2022.
• VMware is not a version of VMware vSphere, but rather the name of the company that develops and sells VMware vSphere and other products.

References: [Introducing ClusterClass and Managed Topologies in Cluster API], [Provision a Cluster in vSphere with Tanzu using a Cluster Class], [A First Look at ClusterClass Deployments using Tanzu Kubernetes Grid 2.0], [VMware vCenter Server 6.7 Update 3 Release Notes], [VMware Product Lifecycle Matrix]

The command that has a valid syntax for scaling VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster using Tanzu CLI is tanzu cluster scale --controlplane-machine-count 5 --worker-machine-count 10. The tanzu cluster scale command allows users to manually scale the number of control plane and worker nodes in a cluster5. The --controlplane-machine-count flag specifies the desired number of control plane nodes, while the --worker-machine-count flag specifies the desired number of worker nodes5. The other commands are invalid because they either use incorrect flags or omit the namespace flag when required5. References: Scale Clusters - VMware Docs

The statement that correctly describes a global namespace in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh is that it defines an application boundary and provides consistent traffic routing, connectivity, resiliency, and security for applications across multiple clusters. A global namespace is a logical abstraction of an application from the underlying infrastructure that spans across multiple clusters and clouds4. A global namespace connects the resources and workloads that make up the application into one virtual unit and manages their identity, discovery, connectivity, security, and observability4. A global namespace also enables automatic service discovery and cross-cluster communication within the application boundary4. References: Global Namespaces - VMware Docs

Two package management tools that can be used to configure and install applications on Kubernetes are:

• Carvel. Carvel is a set of tools that provides a simple, composable, and flexible way to manage Kubernetes configuration, packaging, and deployment. Carvel includes tools such as kapp, which applies and tracks Kubernetes resources in a cluster; ytt, which allows templating YAML files; kbld, which builds and pushes images to registries; kpack, which automates image builds from source code; and vendir, which syncs files from different sources into a single directory. Carvel is integrated with VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and can be used to deploy and manage applications on Tanzu clusters.
• Helm. Helm is a tool that helps users define, install, and upgrade complex Kubernetes applications using charts. Charts are packages of pre-configured Kubernetes resources that can be customized with values. Helm uses a client-server architecture with a command line tool called helm and an in-cluster component called Tiller. Helm can be used to deploy applications from the official Helm charts repository or from custom charts created by users or vendors. Helm is also integrated with VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and can be used to deploy and manage applications on Tanzu clusters.

References: : https://carvel.dev/ : https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Kubernetes-Grid/1.6/vmware-tanzu-kubernetes-grid-16/GUID-tkg-carvel.html : https://helm.sh/ : https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Kubernetes-Grid/1.6/vmware-tanzu-kubernetes-grid-16/GUID-tkg-helm.html

Prometheus is an open-source systems monitoring and alerting toolkit that can collect metrics from target clusters at specified intervals, evaluate rule expressions, display the results, and trigger alerts if certain conditions arise8. Tanzu Kubernetes Grid includes signed binaries for Prometheus that users can deploy on workload clusters to monitor cluster health and services9. Prometheus uses a pull model to scrape metrics from various sources, such as Kubernetes nodes, pods, services, and endpoints. Prometheus stores the collected metrics in a time-series database and allows users to query them using PromQL, a powerful query language. Prometheus also supports defining alert rules based on metric values and sending notifications to external systems, such as Alertmanager8.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Provide the functionality of a lightweight log processor and forwarder that allows you to collect data and logs from different sources is a description of Fluent Bit, which is an open-source log processor and forwarder that can be used to collect data and logs from Kubernetes clusters and send them to various destinations10. Fluent Bit is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.
• Inject time-series database (TSDB) data into high-quality graphs and visualizations is a description of Grafana, which is an open-source visualization and analytics software that can be used to query, visualize, alert on, and explore metrics from various sources, including Prometheus11. Grafana is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.
• Extend the open-source Docker distribution by adding the functionalities usually required by users such as security and identity control and management is a description of Harbor, which is an open-source cloud native registry that can be used to store, sign, and scan container images for vulnerabilities12. Harbor is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.

References: Prometheus Overview, Implement Monitoring with Prometheus and Grafana, Fluent Bit, What is Grafana?, Harbor Overview

Kubernetes services and Contour HTTP Proxy are two resources that External DNS can create records for. External DNS is a Kubernetes controller that synchronizes exposed Kubernetes resources with DNS providers. It supports creating DNS records for Kubernetes services of type LoadBalancer or NodePort, as well as Ingress resources. Contour HTTP Proxy is a custom resource definition (CRD) that provides an alternative way to configure HTTP routes on Kubernetes clusters. External DNS can also create DNS records for Contour HTTP Proxy resources, as long as they have an associated service of type LoadBalancer or NodePort. References: kubernetes-sigs/external-dns - GitHub, Contour HTTPProxy User Guide

VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid supports StorageClass objects for different storage types, provisioned by Kubernetes internal (“in-tree”) or external (“out-of-tree”) plug-ins. Two of the supported storage types are vSphere Cloud Native Storage (CNS) and Amazon EBS. vSphere Cloud Native Storage (CNS) is a vSphere feature that provides persistent storage for Kubernetes clusters running on vSphere 6.7 or later. CNS integrates with the vSphere Container Storage Interface (CSI) driver to dynamically provision persistent volumes backed by First Class Disks on a datastore1. Amazon EBS is a block storage service that provides persistent storage for Amazon EC2 instances. EBS volumes can be attached to EC2 instances as block devices, and can be used to create persistent volumes for Kubernetes clusters running on AWS2. Both CNS and EBS support dynamic provisioning of persistent volumes using StorageClass objects with the provisioner field set to csi.vsphere.vmware.com and kubernetes.io/aws-ebs respectively12. References: Back Up and Restore Cluster Workloads - VMware Docs, Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) - Amazon Web Services