2V0-71.23 Exam Dumps - VMware Tanzu for Kubernetes Operations Professional

A VM class in VMware vSphere with Tanzu specifies the CPU, memory, and resource reservations for a VM10. vSphere with Tanzu offers several preconfigured VM classes which you can use as is, edit, or delete. You can also create custom VM classes in your vCenter Server instance and it will be available to all Supervisor Clusters and the namespaces created in these clusters11.

When you create or edit a VM class, you can configure the following attributes:

• Name: A unique DNS compliant name that identifies the VM class.
• vCPU Count: The number of virtual CPUs (vCPUs) for a VM. This is a VM hardware configuration.
• CPU Resource Reservation: The guaranteed minimum CPU resource allocation for a VM. This value is expressed in percentage (%).
• Memory: The memory configured for a VM in MB, GB, or TB. This is a VM hardware configuration.
• Memory Resource Reservation: The guaranteed minimum memory resource allocation for a VM. This value is expressed in percentage (%).
• Storage: The storage configured for a VM in MB, GB, or TB. This is a VM hardware configuration.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Network is not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. Network configuration is done at the namespace level by using network policies12.
• Operating system is not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. Operating system configuration is done at the image level by using content libraries.
• PCI devices are not an attribute that can be configured in a VM class. PCI devices are not supported by vSphere with Tanzu.

References: VM Classes, Create a Custom VM Class, Network Policies, [Content Libraries]

 L7 ingress in NodePortLocal mode is an ingress mode that leverages the integration between NSX Advanced Load Balancer and Antrea. NSX Advanced Load Balancer (NSX ALB) is a solution that provides L4 and L7 load balancing and ingress control for Kubernetes clusters5. Antrea is a Kubernetes networking solution that implements the Container Network Interface (CNI) specification and uses Open vSwitch (OVS) as the data plane6. In NodePortLocal mode, the ingress backend service must be ClusterIP mode, and Antrea assigns a unique port on each node for each pod that serves as a backend for the service. The network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB Service Engine (SE), and then directly to the pods without going through the nodes or kube-proxy. This mode reduces network latency and improves performance by avoiding extra hops7.

The following diagram illustrates how the network traffic is routed in NodePortLocal mode:

!NodePortLocal mode diagram

The other options are incorrect because:

• L7 ingress in NodePort mode is an ingress mode that does not leverage the integration between NSX ALB and Antrea. In this mode, the ingress backend service must be NodePort mode, and the network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB SE, and then to the cluster nodes, before it reaches the pods. The NSX ALB SE routes the traffic to the nodes, and kube-proxy helps route the traffic from the nodes to the target pods. This mode requires an extra hop for kube-proxy to route traffic from node to pod7.
• L7 ingress in ClusterIP mode is an ingress mode that does not leverage the integration between NSX ALB and Antrea. In this mode, the ingress backend service must be ClusterIP mode, and Antrea assigns a virtual IP (VIP) for each service. The network traffic is routed from the client to the NSX ALB SE, and then to one of the VIPs assigned by Antrea, before it reaches the pods. The NSX ALB SE routes the traffic to one of the VIPs, and kube-proxy helps route the traffic from the VIPs to the target pods. This mode requires an extra hop for kube-proxy to route traffic from VIPs to pod7.
• L7 ingress in Nodelntegration mode is not a valid ingress mode for NSX ALB.

References: NSX Advanced Load Balancer, Antrea, NSX ALB as L7 Ingress Controller

VMware vSphere 8 is the version of VMware vSphere that introduces the capability for provisioning a workload cluster using a cluster class (ClusterClass) from VMware Tanzu Mission Control. ClusterClass is a feature of Cluster API that allows users to define a reusable cluster configuration template and use it to create consistent clusters with a predefined shape and size. Tanzu Mission Control leverages ClusterClass to enable users to create Tanzu Kubernetes clusters in vSphere with Tanzu using a default cluster class. The default cluster class specifies the number of control plane nodes, worker nodes, and the resources allocated to each node. To use ClusterClass with Tanzu Mission Control, the vSphere environment must be running version 8.0 or later, and the Supervisor Cluster must be upgraded from vSphere 7.0U3.

The other options are incorrect because:

• VMware vCenter Server 6.7 Update 3 is not a version of VMware vSphere, but rather a version of VMware vCenter Server, which is the centralized management platform for vSphere environments. VMware vCenter Server 6.7 Update 3 does not support ClusterClass or Tanzu Mission Control.
• VMware vSphere 6.7 is an older version of VMware vSphere that does not support ClusterClass or Tanzu Mission Control. VMware vSphere 6.7 reached end of general support on October 15, 2022.
• VMware is not a version of VMware vSphere, but rather the name of the company that develops and sells VMware vSphere and other products.

References: [Introducing ClusterClass and Managed Topologies in Cluster API], [Provision a Cluster in vSphere with Tanzu using a Cluster Class], [A First Look at ClusterClass Deployments using Tanzu Kubernetes Grid 2.0], [VMware vCenter Server 6.7 Update 3 Release Notes], [VMware Product Lifecycle Matrix]

The command that has a valid syntax for scaling VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid cluster using Tanzu CLI is tanzu cluster scale --controlplane-machine-count 5 --worker-machine-count 10. The tanzu cluster scale command allows users to manually scale the number of control plane and worker nodes in a cluster5. The --controlplane-machine-count flag specifies the desired number of control plane nodes, while the --worker-machine-count flag specifies the desired number of worker nodes5. The other commands are invalid because they either use incorrect flags or omit the namespace flag when required5. References: Scale Clusters - VMware Docs

The statement that correctly describes a global namespace in VMware Tanzu Service Mesh is that it defines an application boundary and provides consistent traffic routing, connectivity, resiliency, and security for applications across multiple clusters. A global namespace is a logical abstraction of an application from the underlying infrastructure that spans across multiple clusters and clouds4. A global namespace connects the resources and workloads that make up the application into one virtual unit and manages their identity, discovery, connectivity, security, and observability4. A global namespace also enables automatic service discovery and cross-cluster communication within the application boundary4. References: Global Namespaces - VMware Docs

Two package management tools that can be used to configure and install applications on Kubernetes are:

• Carvel. Carvel is a set of tools that provides a simple, composable, and flexible way to manage Kubernetes configuration, packaging, and deployment. Carvel includes tools such as kapp, which applies and tracks Kubernetes resources in a cluster; ytt, which allows templating YAML files; kbld, which builds and pushes images to registries; kpack, which automates image builds from source code; and vendir, which syncs files from different sources into a single directory. Carvel is integrated with VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and can be used to deploy and manage applications on Tanzu clusters.
• Helm. Helm is a tool that helps users define, install, and upgrade complex Kubernetes applications using charts. Charts are packages of pre-configured Kubernetes resources that can be customized with values. Helm uses a client-server architecture with a command line tool called helm and an in-cluster component called Tiller. Helm can be used to deploy applications from the official Helm charts repository or from custom charts created by users or vendors. Helm is also integrated with VMware Tanzu Kubernetes Grid and can be used to deploy and manage applications on Tanzu clusters.

References: : https://carvel.dev/ : https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Kubernetes-Grid/1.6/vmware-tanzu-kubernetes-grid-16/GUID-tkg-carvel.html : https://helm.sh/ : https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-Tanzu-Kubernetes-Grid/1.6/vmware-tanzu-kubernetes-grid-16/GUID-tkg-helm.html

Prometheus is an open-source systems monitoring and alerting toolkit that can collect metrics from target clusters at specified intervals, evaluate rule expressions, display the results, and trigger alerts if certain conditions arise8. Tanzu Kubernetes Grid includes signed binaries for Prometheus that users can deploy on workload clusters to monitor cluster health and services9. Prometheus uses a pull model to scrape metrics from various sources, such as Kubernetes nodes, pods, services, and endpoints. Prometheus stores the collected metrics in a time-series database and allows users to query them using PromQL, a powerful query language. Prometheus also supports defining alert rules based on metric values and sending notifications to external systems, such as Alertmanager8.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Provide the functionality of a lightweight log processor and forwarder that allows you to collect data and logs from different sources is a description of Fluent Bit, which is an open-source log processor and forwarder that can be used to collect data and logs from Kubernetes clusters and send them to various destinations10. Fluent Bit is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.
• Inject time-series database (TSDB) data into high-quality graphs and visualizations is a description of Grafana, which is an open-source visualization and analytics software that can be used to query, visualize, alert on, and explore metrics from various sources, including Prometheus11. Grafana is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.
• Extend the open-source Docker distribution by adding the functionalities usually required by users such as security and identity control and management is a description of Harbor, which is an open-source cloud native registry that can be used to store, sign, and scan container images for vulnerabilities12. Harbor is not part of Tanzu Kubernetes Grid.

References: Prometheus Overview, Implement Monitoring with Prometheus and Grafana, Fluent Bit, What is Grafana?, Harbor Overview

Kubernetes services and Contour HTTP Proxy are two resources that External DNS can create records for. External DNS is a Kubernetes controller that synchronizes exposed Kubernetes resources with DNS providers. It supports creating DNS records for Kubernetes services of type LoadBalancer or NodePort, as well as Ingress resources. Contour HTTP Proxy is a custom resource definition (CRD) that provides an alternative way to configure HTTP routes on Kubernetes clusters. External DNS can also create DNS records for Contour HTTP Proxy resources, as long as they have an associated service of type LoadBalancer or NodePort. References: kubernetes-sigs/external-dns - GitHub, Contour HTTPProxy User Guide