EMT Exam Dumps - Emergency Medical Technicians Exam

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

Clavicle deformity suggests potential rib or thoracic trauma. Unequal chest rise may indicate a flail segment, pneumothorax, or hemothorax. Subcutaneous emphysema, the presence of air under the skin, is a classic finding in pneumothorax or tracheobronchial injury.

Occipital depression is not chest related; epigastric distension is a GI symptom; and jugular vein distention would suggest tension pneumothorax or cardiac tamponade, which are more advanced complications.

According to NREMT neonatal resuscitation principles, a newborn who is crying with a heart rate greater than 100 does not require aggressive resuscitation but does need supportive care.

Option A (Dry baby) is essential to stimulate breathing and prevent heat loss.

Option B (Keep baby warm) is critical, as neonates lose heat rapidly and hypothermia worsens hypoxia.

Option C (Administer blow-by oxygen) is appropriate for central cyanosis when respirations and heart rate are adequate.

Option D is only indicated if secretions are obstructing the airway.

Options E and F are contraindicated because the infant has an adequate heart rate and is breathing.

NREMT emphasizes warmth, oxygenation, and minimal intervention in stable newborns.

According to NREMT guidelines and standard EMS ethics, a competent adult patient has the legal right to refuse any portion of medical care, including spinal immobilization, as long as they demonstrate decision-making capacity. In this scenario, the patient is refusing one specific intervention (the cervical collar), not transportation or overall care. Therefore, EMS providers must respect the patient’s autonomy while continuing to act in the patient’s best interest.

Option A is correct because the appropriate action is to clearly document the patient’s informed refusal of the cervical collar and continue transport. Documentation should include the patient’s mental status, orientation, explanation of risks provided, the patient’s understanding of those risks, and the patient’s explicit refusal. This protects both the patient and the EMS provider legally and ethically.

Option B is incorrect because restraining a patient to force treatment constitutes assault and battery unless the patient lacks decision-making capacity or poses an immediate danger to themselves or others. There is no indication in the question that the patient is incompetent or combative.

Option C is incorrect because the patient has not refused all care—only spinal immobilization. Abandoning care by leaving the scene would violate EMS duty to act once patient contact has been established.

Option D is incorrect because withholding transport unless the patient complies is coercive and unethical. EMS providers must not threaten or pressure patients into accepting treatment.

In summary, NREMT emphasizes patient rights, informed consent, and thorough documentation. Transporting the patient while documenting refusal of immobilization is the safest, most professional, and legally sound course of action.

NREMT guidelines clearly state that life-threatening danger overrides spinal motion restriction. This patient shows signs of a spinal cord injury (loss of movement and sensation), but they were previously trapped under a vehicle—an inherently unstable and dangerous environment.

Option A is correct because the clothes drag is an emergency move designed to remove a patient from immediate danger as quickly as possible. In emergency situations, speed and rescuer safety take priority over spinal immobilization.

Option B is incorrect because clothes drags do not minimize spinal movement.

Option C is incorrect because preparing and using a long backboard delays removal.

Option D is incorrect because spinal protection is secondary to immediate life threats.

NREMT emphasizes: “You cannot help the patient if you become injured.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:

CPAP works by delivering continuous positive pressure to keep alveoli open and improve oxygenation. However, complications include:

Hypotension: Due to reduced venous return and cardiac preload

Feeling of suffocation: Common psychological reaction to a tight-fitting mask and forced airflow

It is used to treat, not cause, pulmonary edema. It does not induce bronchospasm or myocardial infarction.