AIP-210 Exam Dumps - CertNexus Certified Artificial Intelligence Practitioner

Workflow design patterns for machine learning pipelines are common solutions to recurring problems in building and managing machine learning workflows. One of these patterns is to represent a pipeline with a directed acyclic graph (DAG), which is a graph that consists of nodes and edges, where each node represents a step or task in the pipeline, and each edge represents a dependency or order between the tasks. A DAG has no cycles, meaning there is no way to start at one node and return to it by following the edges. A DAG can help visualize and organize the pipeline, as well as facilitate parallel execution, fault tolerance, and reproducibility.

Lasso regression and ridge regression are both types of linear regression models that can handle high-dimensional and categorical data. They use regularization techniques to reduce the complexity of the model and avoid overfitting. Lasso regression uses L1 regularization, which adds a penalty term proportional to the absolute value of the coefficients to the loss function. This can shrink some coefficients to zero and perform feature selection. Ridge regression uses L2 regularization, which adds a penalty term proportional to the square of the coefficients to the loss function. This can shrink all coefficients towards zero and reduce multicollinearity. References: [Lasso (statistics) - Wikipedia], [Ridge regression - Wikipedia]

 Independence is an assumption of linear regression that states that the errors (residuals) of the model are independent of each other, meaning that they are not correlated or influenced by previous or subsequent errors. Independence can be violated when the data has serial correlation or autocorrelation, which means that the value of a variable at a given time depends on its previous or future values. This can happen when the data is collected over time (time series) or over space (spatial data). In this case, the data is collected over time from a group of subjects, which may introduce serial correlation among the errors.

Generative adversarial networks (GAN) are a type of AI technology that can create fake videos, images, audio, or text that are realistic and indistinguishable from real ones. GAN consist of two neural networks: a generator and a discriminator. The generator tries to produce fake samples from random noise, while the discriminator tries to distinguish between real and fake samples. The two networks compete against each other in a game-like scenario, where the generator tries to fool the discriminator and the discriminator tries to catch the generator. Through this process, both networks improve their abilities until they reach an equilibrium where the generator can produce convincing fakes.

Performance testing is a type of testing that should be performed at the production level before deploying a newly retrained model. Performance testing measures how well the model meets the non-functional requirements, such as speed, scalability, reliability, availability, and resource consumption. Performance testing can help identify any bottlenecks or issues that may affect the user experience or satisfaction with the model. References: [Performance Testing Tutorial: What is, Types, Metrics & Example], [Performance Testing for Machine Learning Systems | by David Talby | Towards Data Science]

To calculate the minimum grade needed to achieve an 80% average, we can use the following formula:

minimum grade = (target average * number of tests - sum of grades) / (number of tests - 1)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

minimum grade = (80 * 7 - (76 + 81 + 78 + 87 + 75 + 72)) / (7 - 6)

minimum grade = (560 - 469) / 1

minimum grade = 91

Therefore, the student needs to score at least 91 on the last test to get an 80% average.

Federated learning is a distributed approach to machine learning that allows multiple parties to collaboratively train a model without sharing their data with each other or a central server. This protects the privacy of the user’s data while still enabling well-trained models that can benefit from diverse and large-scale datasets. References: [Federated Learning - Wikipedia], [Federated Learning for Mobile Keyboard Prediction - Google AI Blog]

Data skews happen in the ML pipeline when the distribution or characteristics of the live input data differ from those of the offline data used for training and testing the model. This can lead to a degradation of the model performance and accuracy, as the model is not able to generalize well to new data. Data skews can be caused by various factors, such as changes in user behavior, data collection methods, data quality issues, or external events. References: What is training-serving skew in Machine Learning?, Data preprocessing for ML: options and recommendations

Ridge regression is a type of regularization technique that can help reduce collinearity among independent variables. It does this by adding a penalty term to the ordinary least squares (OLS) objective function, which shrinks the coefficients of highly correlated variables towards zero. This reduces the variance of the coefficient estimates and improves the stability and accuracy of the regression model. References: Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis: Problems, Detection, and Solutions - Statistics By Jim, A Beginner’s Guide to Collinearity: What it is and How it affects our regression model - StrataScratch

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) is a subfield of artificial intelligence that studies how multiple intelligent agents can coordinate and cooperate to achieve a common goal or solve a complex problem. DAI relies on a distributed system that performs robust computations across a network of unreliable nodes, such as sensors, robots, or humans. DAI can handle large-scale, dynamic, and uncertain environments that are beyond the capabilities of a single agent. References: [Distributed artificial intelligence - Wikipedia], [Distributed Artificial Intelligence: An Overview]

Harms modeling is a technique that helps product managers design AI solutions responsibly by evaluating both positive and negative outcomes. Harms modeling involves creating a shared taxonomy of potential negative impacts and conducting an assessment along vectors such as severity, impact, frequency, and likelihood. Harms modeling can help identify and mitigate any risks or harms that may arise from using AI solutions. References: [Harms Modeling for Responsible AI | by Google Developers | Google Developers], [Harms Modeling for Responsible AI - YouTube]

The Beta value in an A/B test is the probability of making a type II error, which is failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. The statistical power of a test is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false, which is equal to 1 - Beta. References: Formulas for Bayesian A/B Testing – Evan Miller, The Practical Guide To AB testing statistics | Convertize

Personal data is any information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual, such as name, address, email, phone number, or biometric data. Personal data should not be disclosed, made available, or otherwise used for purposes other than specified, except with:

• The consent of the person it is collected from: Consent is a clear and voluntary indication of agreement by the person to the processing of their personal data for a specific purpose. Consent can be given by a statement or a clear affirmative action, such as ticking a box or clicking a button.
• The authority of law: The authority of law is a legal basis or obligation that requires or permits the processing of personal data for a legitimate purpose. For example, the authority of law could be a court order, a subpoena, a warrant, or a statute.

Random forest is an algorithm that is ideal to prevent overfitting when using a dataset with many features and a small sample size. Random forest is an ensemble learning method that combines multiple decision trees to create a more robust and accurate model. Random forest can prevent overfitting by introducing randomness and diversity into the model, such as by using bootstrap sampling (sampling with replacement) to create different subsets of data for each tree, or by using feature selection (choosing a random subset of features) to split each node in a tree.

Neural network models are suitable for classification problems with a large number of features, because they can learn complex and non-linear patterns from high-dimensional data. They can also handle image data, which is likely to be the input for the human face detection problem. Neural networks can also be trained using transfer learning, which can leverage pre-trained models on similar tasks and improve the accuracy and efficiency of the model. References: [Neural network - Wikipedia], [Transfer Learning - Machine Learning’s Next Frontier]

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique that reduces the dimensionality of a dataset by transforming it into a set of new variables called principal components. The principal components are linear combinations of the original variables that capture the maximum amount of variance in the data. The first principal component explains the most variance, the second principal component explains the second most variance, and so on. The goal of PCA is to retain as much variance as possible while reducing the number of variables.

Stratification is not a valid cross-validation method, but a technique to ensure that each subset of data has the same proportion of classes or labels as the original data. Stratification can be used in conjunction with cross-validation methods such as k-fold or leave-one-out to preserve the class distribution and reduce bias or variance in the validation results. Bootstrapping, k-fold, and leave-one-out are all valid cross-validation methods that use different ways of splitting and resampling the data to estimate the performance of a machine learning model.

R-squared is a statistical measure that indicates how well a regression model fits the data. R-squared is calculated by dividing the explained variance by the total variance. The explained variance is the amount of variation in the dependent variable that can be attributed to the independent variables. The total variance is the amount of variation in the dependent variable that can be observed in the data. R-squared ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 means no fit and 1 means perfect fit.

Word2vec is a word embedding method that finds characteristics of words in a very large number of documents. Word embedding is a technique that converts words into numerical vectors that represent their meaning, usage, or context. Word2vec learns a dense and continuous vector representation for each word based on its context in a large corpus of text. Word2vec can capture the semantic and syntactic similarity and relationships among words, such as synonyms, antonyms, analogies, or associations1.

Data privacy is the right of individuals to control how their personal data is collected, used, shared, and protected. It also involves complying with relevant laws and regulations that govern the handling of personal data. Data privacy is especially important when extracting business intelligence from primary data captured from the public, as it may contain sensitive or confidential information that could harm the individuals if misused or breached .

Encoding is a technique that transforms categorical data into numerical features that can be used by machine learning models. Categorical data are data that have a finite number of possible values or categories, such as gender, color, or country. Encoding can help convert categorical data into a format that is suitable and understandable for machine learning models. Some of the encoding methods that can be used to transform categorical data into numerical features are:

• Mean Encoder: Mean encoder is a method that replaces each category with the mean value of the target variable for that category. Mean encoder can capture the relationship between the category and the target variable, but it may cause overfitting or multicollinearity problems.
• One-Hot Encoder: One-hot encoder is a method that creates a binary vector for each category, where only one element has a value of 1 (the hot bit) and the rest have a value of 0. One-hot encoder can create distinct and orthogonal vectors for each category, but it may increase the dimensionality and sparsity of the data.

Oversampling is a method that can help address the issue of imbalanced data, which is when one class is much more frequent than the other in the dataset. This can cause the model to be biased towards the majority class and have a low true negative rate. Oversampling involves creating synthetic samples of the minority class or replicating existing samples to balance the class distribution. This can help the model learn more from the minority class and improve the true negative rate. References: [Handling imbalanced datasets in machine learning], [Oversampling and undersampling in data analysis - Wikipedia]