CISSP Exam Dumps - Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP)

A shock sensor is a type of alarm system that detects intrusions through windows by sensing the vibrations or impacts caused by breaking glass or forced entry. A shock sensor is recommended for a high-noise, occupied environment, as it is less prone to false alarms caused by ambient noise or movement. A shock sensor can be mounted on the window frame or glass, and can be configured to trigger an alarm or a notification when a certain threshold of vibration or impact is exceeded. A shock sensor can also be combined with other types of sensors, such as magnetic contacts or glass break detectors, to provide a layered defense. An acoustic sensor is a type of alarm system that detects intrusions through windows by listening to the sound of breaking glass or forced entry. An acoustic sensor is not recommended for a high-noise, occupied environment, as it can be easily triggered by other sources of noise, such as music, conversation, or traffic. An acoustic sensor can be placed near the window or in the room, and can be tuned to recognize the frequency and pattern of glass breaking sounds. A motion sensor is a type of alarm system that detects intrusions by sensing the movement or presence of an intruder in a protected area. A motion sensor is not recommended for a high-noise, occupied environment, as it can be triggered by legitimate occupants or authorized visitors. A motion sensor can be installed on the wall, ceiling, or floor, and can use different technologies, such as infrared, ultrasonic, microwave, or video, to detect motion. A photoelectric sensor is a type of alarm system that detects intrusions by sensing the interruption of a beam of light between a transmitter and a receiver. A photoelectric sensor is not recommended for a high-noise, occupied environment, as it can be triggered by objects or animals that cross the beam. A photoelectric sensor can be placed on the window or across the room, and can be configured to trigger an alarm or a notification when the beam is broken. 

Stateful firewalls differ from static packet filtering firewalls by being aware of the difference between a new and an established connection. A stateful firewall is a firewall that keeps track of the state of network connections and transactions, and uses this information to make filtering decisions. A stateful firewall maintains a state table that records the source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, protocols, and sequence numbers of each connection. A stateful firewall can distinguish between a new connection, which requires a three-way handshake to be completed, and an established connection, which has already completed the handshake and is ready to exchange data. A stateful firewall can also detect when a connection is terminated or idle, and remove it from the state table. A stateful firewall can provide more security and efficiency than a static packet filtering firewall, which only examines the header of each packet and compares it to a set of predefined rules. A static packet filtering firewall does not keep track of the state of connections, and cannot differentiate between new and established connections. A static packet filtering firewall may allow or block packets based on the source and destination IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols, but it cannot inspect the payload or the sequence numbers of the packets. A static packet filtering firewall may also be vulnerable to spoofing or flooding attacks, as it cannot verify the authenticity or validity of the packets. The other options are not aspects that stateful firewalls are aware of, but static packet filtering firewalls are not. Both types of firewalls can check the originating network location of the packets, but they cannot check the difference between a malicious and a benign packet payload, or the originating application session of the packets. References: Stateless vs Stateful Packet Filtering Firewalls - GeeksforGeeks; Stateful vs Stateless Firewall: Differences and Examples - Fortinet; Stateful Inspection Firewalls Explained - Palo Alto Networks.

Section: Security Operations

A digital watermark is a hidden signal embedded in a data file that can be used to identify the owner, source, or authenticity of the data. A watermark is difficult to detect and remove without degrading the quality of the data. However, one way that a watermark might still be inadvertently removed is by truncating parts of the data, such as cropping an image or cutting a video. This might affect the location or size of the watermark and make it unreadable or invalid. References: Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference, Fifth Edition, page 507; CISSP For Dummies, 7th Edition, page 344.

Mandatory Access Controls (MAC) are based on security classification and security clearance. MAC is a type of access control model that assigns permissions to subjects and objects based on their security labels, which indicate their level of sensitivity or trustworthiness. MAC is enforced by the system or the network, rather than by the owner or the creator of the object, and it cannot be modified or overridden by the subjects. MAC can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the confidentiality and the integrity of the data, preventing unauthorized access or disclosure, and supporting the audit and compliance activities. MAC is commonly used in military or government environments, where the data is classified according to its level of sensitivity, such as top secret, secret, confidential, or unclassified. The subjects are granted security clearance based on their level of trustworthiness, such as their background, their role, or their need to know. The subjects can only access the objects that have the same or lower security classification than their security clearance, and the objects can only be accessed by the subjects that have the same or higher security clearance than their security classification. This is based on the concept of no read up and no write down, which requires that a subject can only read data of lower or equal sensitivity level, and can only write data of higher or equal sensitivity level. Data segmentation and data classification, data labels and user access permissions, and user roles and data encryption are not the bases of MAC, although they may be related or useful concepts or techniques. Data segmentation and data classification are techniques that involve dividing and organizing the data into smaller and more manageable units, and assigning them different categories or levels based on their characteristics or requirements, such as their type, their value, their sensitivity, or their usage. Data segmentation and data classification can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the visibility and the control of the data, facilitating the implementation and the enforcement of the security policies and controls, and supporting the audit and compliance activities. However, data segmentation and data classification are not the bases of MAC, as they are not the same as security classification and security clearance, and they can be used with other access control models, such as discretionary access control (DAC) or role-based access control (RBAC). Data labels and user access permissions are concepts that involve attaching metadata or tags to the data and the users, and specifying the rules or the criteria for accessing the data and the users. Data labels and user access permissions can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the identification and the authentication of the data and the users, facilitating the implementation and the enforcement of the security policies and controls, and supporting the audit and compliance activities. However, data labels and user access permissions are not the bases of MAC, as they are not the same as security classification and security clearance, and they can be used with other access control models, such as DAC or RBAC. User roles and data encryption are techniques that involve defining and assigning the functions or the responsibilities of the users, and transforming the data into an unreadable form that can only be accessed by authorized parties who possess the correct key. User roles and data encryption can provide some benefits for security, such as enhancing the authorization and the confidentiality of the data and the users, facilitating the implementation and the enforcement of the security policies and controls, and supporting the audit and compliance activities. However, user roles and data encryption are not the bases of MAC, as they are not the same as security classification and security clearance, and they can be used with other access control models, such as DAC or RBAC.

The expected outcome of security awareness in support of a security awareness program is that awareness is not training, but the purpose of awareness presentation is simply to focus attention on security. A security awareness program is a set of activities and initiatives that aim to raise the awareness and understanding of the security policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines among the employees, contractors, partners, or customers of an organization. A security awareness program can provide some benefits for security, such as improving the knowledge and the skills of the parties, changing the attitudes and the behaviors of the parties, and empowering the parties to make informed and secure decisions regarding the security activities. A security awareness program can involve various methods and techniques, such as posters, newsletters, emails, videos, quizzes, games, or rewards. Security awareness is not training, but the purpose of awareness presentation is simply to focus attention on security. Security awareness is the state or condition of being aware or conscious of the security issues and incidents, and the importance and implications of security. Security awareness is not the same as training, as it does not aim to teach or instruct the parties on how to perform specific tasks or functions related to security, but rather to inform and remind the parties of the security policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines, and their roles and responsibilities in complying and supporting them. The purpose of awareness presentation is simply to focus attention on security, as it does not provide detailed or comprehensive information or guidance on security, but rather to highlight or emphasize the key or relevant points or messages of security, and to motivate or persuade the parties to pay attention and care about security. Awareness activities should be used to focus on security concerns and respond to those concerns accordingly, awareness is not an activity or part of the training but rather a state of persistence to support the program, and awareness is training, the purpose of awareness presentations is to broaden attention of security are not the expected outcomes of security awareness in support of a security awareness program, although they may be related or possible statements. Awareness activities should be used to focus on security concerns and respond to those concerns accordingly is a statement that describes one of the possible objectives or functions of awareness activities, but it is not the expected outcome of security awareness, as it does not define or differentiate security awareness from training, and it does not specify the purpose of awareness presentation. Awareness is not an activity or part of the training but rather a state of persistence to support the program is a statement that partially defines security awareness, but it is not the expected outcome of security awareness, as it does not differentiate security awareness from training, and it does not specify the purpose of awareness presentation. Awareness is training, the purpose of awareness presentations is to broaden attention of security is a statement that contradicts the definition of security awareness, as it confuses security awareness with training, and it does not specify the purpose of awareness presentation. 

Attack trees are most useful for enumerating threats. Attack trees are graphical models that represent the possible ways that an attacker can exploit a system or achieve a goal. Attack trees consist of nodes that represent the attacker’s actions or conditions, and branches that represent the logical relationships between the nodes. Attack trees can help to enumerate the threats that the system faces, as well as to analyze the likelihood, impact, and countermeasures of each threat. Attack trees are not useful for determining system security scopes, generating attack libraries, or evaluating DoS attacks, although they may be used as inputs or outputs for these tasks. References: CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide, Eighth Edition, Chapter 4: Security Operations, page 499; Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Fifth Edition, Chapter 4: Communication and Network Security, page 552.

The factors that must be considered when classifying information and supporting assets for risk management, legal discovery, and compliance are data stewardship roles, data handling and storage standards, and data lifecycle requirements. Data stewardship roles are the roles and responsibilities of the individuals or entities who are accountable for the creation, maintenance, protection, and disposal of the information and supporting assets. Data stewardship roles include data owners, data custodians, data users, and data stewards. Data handling and storage standards are the policies, procedures, and guidelines that define how the information and supporting assets should be handled and stored, based on their classification level, sensitivity, and value. Data handling and storage standards include data labeling, data encryption, data backup, data retention, and data disposal. Data lifecycle requirements are the requirements that specify the stages and processes that the information and supporting assets should go through, from their creation to their destruction. Data lifecycle requirements include data collection, data processing, data analysis, data sharing, data archiving, and data deletion. System owner roles and responsibilities, data handling standards, storage and secure development lifecycle requirements are not the factors that must be considered when classifying information and supporting assets for risk management, legal discovery, and compliance, although they may be related or relevant concepts. System owner roles and responsibilities are the roles and responsibilities of the individuals or entities who are accountable for the operation, performance, and security of the system that hosts or processes the information and supporting assets. System owner roles and responsibilities include system authorization, system configuration, system monitoring, and system maintenance. Data handling standards are the policies, procedures, and guidelines that define how the information should be handled, but not how the supporting assets should be stored. Data handling standards are a subset of data handling and storage standards. Storage and secure development lifecycle requirements are the requirements that specify the stages and processes that the storage and development systems should go through, from their inception to their decommissioning. Storage and secure development lifecycle requirements include storage design, storage implementation, storage testing, storage deployment, storage operation, storage maintenance, and storage disposal. Compliance office roles and responsibilities, classified material handling standards, storage system lifecycle requirements are not the factors that must be considered when classifying information and supporting assets for risk management, legal discovery, and compliance, although they may be related or relevant concepts. Compliance office roles and responsibilities are the roles and responsibilities of the individuals or entities who are accountable for ensuring that the organization complies with the applicable laws, regulations, standards, and policies. Compliance office roles and responsibilities include compliance planning, compliance assessment, compliance reporting, and compliance improvement. Classified material handling standards are the policies, procedures, and guidelines that define how the information and supporting assets that are classified by the government or military should be handled and stored, based on their security level, such as top secret, secret, or confidential. Classified material handling standards are a subset of data handling and storage standards. Storage system lifecycle requirements are the requirements that specify the stages and processes that the storage system should go through, from its inception to its decommissioning. Storage system lifecycle requirements are a subset of storage and secure development lifecycle requirements. System authorization roles and responsibilities, cloud computing standards, lifecycle requirements are not the factors that must be considered when classifying information and supporting assets for risk management, legal discovery, and compliance, although they may be related or relevant concepts. System authorization roles and responsibilities are the roles and responsibilities of the individuals or entities who are accountable for granting or denying access to the system that hosts or processes the information and supporting assets. System authorization roles and responsibilities include system identification, system authentication, system authorization, and system auditing. Cloud computing standards are the standards that define the requirements, specifications, and best practices for the delivery of computing services over the internet, such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), or software as a service (SaaS). Cloud computing standards include cloud service level agreements (SLAs), cloud interoperability, cloud portability, and cloud security. Lifecycle requirements are the requirements that specify the stages and processes that the information and supporting assets should go through, from their creation to their destruction. Lifecycle requirements are the same as data lifecycle requirements.